Iron-based Catalysts Catalyzing Isoprene Polymerization: The Effect of Conjugated Groups in Cyanide-containing Electron Donors

Yao Liu; Yao-Guang Liu; Jun-Xin Xu; Qi Yang; Wen-Peng Zhao; Liang Fang; Xiu-Juan Wang; Heng Liu; Chun-Yu Zhang; Xue-Quan Zhang

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3581-1

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Iron-based Catalysts Catalyzing Isoprene Polymerization: The Effect of Conjugated Groups in Cyanide-containing Electron Donors

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2026-04-30

- Iron-based Catalysts Catalyzing Isoprene Polymerization: The Effect of Conjugated Groups in Cyanide-containing Electron Donors
- Iron-based Catalysts Catalyzing Isoprene Polymerization: The Effect of Conjugated Groups in Cyanide-containing Electron Donors
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2026年44卷第5期页码：1502-1512
- Affiliations：
  
  a.Key Laboratory of Advanced Rubber Material, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
  b.Shandong Provincial College Laboratory of Rubber Material and Engineering, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
  c.Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
  d.Suzhou Uropod Precision Instruments Technologies Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215137, China
- Author bio：
  
  fangliang@qust.edu.cn (L.F.)
  wangxj@qust.edu.cn (X.J.W.)
  cyzhang@qust.edu.cn (C.Y.Z.)
- Funds：
  
  This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFB3704701), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2022ME154).;The authors declare no interest conflict.Electronic supplementary information (ESI) is available free of charge in the online version of this article at http://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3581-1.Data will be made available from the corresponding author on request.
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3581-1
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2025-12-22，
  
  录用：2026-01-20，
  
  网络首发：2026-04-17，
  
  纸质出版：2026-05-05
- Accepted：
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Liu, Y.; Liu, Y. G.; Xu, J. X.; Yang, Q.; Zhao, W. P.; Fang, L.; Wang, X. J.; Liu, H.; Zhang, C. Y.; Zhang, X. Q. Iron-based catalysts catalyzing isoprene polymerization: the effect of conjugated groups in cyanide-containing electron donors. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1502–1512

Yao Liu, Yao-Guang Liu, Jun-Xin Xu, et al. Iron-based Catalysts Catalyzing Isoprene Polymerization: The Effect of Conjugated Groups in Cyanide-containing Electron Donors[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(5): 1502-1512.
Liu, Y.; Liu, Y. G.; Xu, J. X.; Yang, Q.; Zhao, W. P.; Fang, L.; Wang, X. J.; Liu, H.; Zhang, C. Y.; Zhang, X. Q. Iron-based catalysts catalyzing isoprene polymerization: the effect of conjugated groups in cyanide-containing electron donors. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1502–1512 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3581-1.

Yao Liu, Yao-Guang Liu, Jun-Xin Xu, et al. Iron-based Catalysts Catalyzing Isoprene Polymerization: The Effect of Conjugated Groups in Cyanide-containing Electron Donors[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(5): 1502-1512. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3581-1.

摘要

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the Δ

order of cyano-Fe

coordination correlates with catalytic polymerization activity

validating Δ

as an effective descriptor for electron donor design.

Abstract

In this study

the coordination pathways and decomposition behavior of azo-containing dicyano compounds within Fe(acac)

/Al

/donor ternary catalyst systems were systematically investigated

via in situ

Raman spectroscopy. Additionally

the modulating effect of conjugated moieties on the coordination interaction between cyanide groups and Fe ions was examined in detail. Experimental results demonstrate that isoprene polymerization catalyzed by azodicyanide mediated Fe-based catalytic systems proceeds

via

a coordination polymerization mechanism. Notably

the azo group does not directly participate in the coordination process; instead

it exerts a regulatory influence on the coordination capacity of the cyano group. Although thermal decomposition of the azo group occurs at elevated temperatures

it fails to initiate free radical polymerization of the isoprene monomer. Conjugated moieties including azo

vinyl

and benzene rings exert distinct impacts on the cyanide group. As electron-donating species

their Raman spectral characteristics reflect varying influences on cyanide coordination behavior. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that AIBN with azo groups as the conjugated moiety exhibits the most negative Gibbs free energy (Δ

°=–222.71 kcal·mol

–1

) for the coordination reaction with Fe

indicating that the cyano groups in the azo-containing compound possess the strongest coordination capability with Fe

. The coordination effects of conjugated groups on the cyanid

e center follow the sequence: azo

carbon-carbon double bond

benzene ring

where azo groups show the most significant coordination enhancement. These theoretical findings are consistent with the observed polymerization activity

suggesting that rational design of electron donors can be guided by theoretical calculations.

关键词

Keywords

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