Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks

Kai-Xin Li; Yuan-Yuan Yin; Zhen-Jie Mu; Zhong-Hua Xiang

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3556-2

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Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks

REVIEW | Updated：2026-04-30

- Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks
- Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2026年44卷第5期页码：1212-1230
- Affiliations：
  
  State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Author bio：
  
  muzhenjie@buct.edu.cn (Z.J.M.)
  xiangzh@mail.buct.edu.cn (Z.H.X.)
- Funds：
  
  This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22408018 and 22220102003), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFB3807500), and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. JL23003).;Zhen-Jie Mu received his doctoral degree in 2023 at Beijing Institute of Technology and then joined the group of Prof. Zhonghua Xiang as a postdoctoral researcher at Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT). He joined the Department of New Energy Chemical Engineering, BUCT, in 2025. His research interests focus on the design and synthesis of covalent organic frameworks for fuel cells and flow cells.Zhong-Hua Xiang received his doctoral degree in 2013 at BUCT and then worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Case Western Reserve University for a year. He has been a professor and director of the Molecular Energy Materials R&D Center at BUCT since 2014. His research interests are focused on the design and synthesis of molecular energy materials, mainly including COPs for fuel cells and flow batteries.The authors declare no interest conflict.
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3556-2
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2025-11-06，
  
  修回：2025-12-30，
  
  录用：2026-01-03，
  
  网络首发：2026-03-18，
  
  纸质出版：2026-05-05
- Accepted：
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Li, K. X.; Yin, Y. Y.; Mu, Z. J.; Xiang, Z. H. Microwave-assisted synthesis of covalent organic frameworks. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1212–1230

Kai-Xin Li, Yuan-Yuan Yin, Zhen-Jie Mu, et al. Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(5): 1212-1230.
Li, K. X.; Yin, Y. Y.; Mu, Z. J.; Xiang, Z. H. Microwave-assisted synthesis of covalent organic frameworks. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1212–1230 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3556-2.

Kai-Xin Li, Yuan-Yuan Yin, Zhen-Jie Mu, et al. Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(5): 1212-1230. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3556-2.

摘要

This review highlights microwave-assisted synthesis (MAS) as a rapid

efficient

and sustainable alternative to conventional solvothermal methods for constructing covalent organic frameworks (COFs). It systematically categorizes recent advances in MAS based on linkage types

topologies

and synthetic parameters

while addressing critical challenges and future prospects for the scalable production of functional COFs.

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are synthesized from organic building blocks through covalent bonds

constituting a class of crystalline organic polymers. They are characterized by well-defined periodic structures

uniform and permanent pores

high porosity

customizable functionalities

high chemical and thermal stability

and tailored topological architectures. The customizable functional groups and tunable pore environments can be integrated into the infinitely extending skeletons of COFs

facilitated by an extensive toolbox of molecular synthesis. This versatility has garnered significant interest across various fields. However

the large-scale production of functional COFs is highly desirable to meet the growing demand for various applications

yet it remains constrained by high costs and the low efficiency of current synthesis methods. Among the synthesis methods for COFs

solvothermal synthesis remains the dominant approach

while

it faces significant challenges such as prolonged reaction times

reliance on organic solvents

high temperature and pressure conditions

complex operational procedures

and environmental unsustainability. The microwave-assisted method for synthesizing COFs can rapidly and uniformly transfer reactive energy at the molecular level due to its unique volumetric heating mechanism. This approach offers a promising solution to the challenges associated with conventional synthesis methods for COFs. This review systematically includes recent research advances in microwave-assisted synthesis (MAS) of COFs

organized by their linkages

topologies

and synthesis methods. It compiles key synthesis parameters and material properties

along with fundamental aspects concerning COFs and microwave interactions. Current challenges and prospects in this field are also discussed.

关键词

Keywords

references

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