High-performance Vanillin-derived Dielectric Polymer Films for Sustainable Energy Storage

Lei-Peng Liu; Bo-Yi Tian; Rui-Ying Xie; Shu-Ping Wei; Peng-Fei Yuan; Yuan-Duo Duan; Xiao-Fei Chen; Yu-Xuan Wang; Sheng-Hua Lv; Yue-Hong Zhang

doi:10.1007/s10118-025-3415-6

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

High-performance Vanillin-derived Dielectric Polymer Films for Sustainable Energy Storage

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2025-09-26

- High-performance Vanillin-derived Dielectric Polymer Films for Sustainable Energy Storage
- High-performance Vanillin-derived Dielectric Polymer Films for Sustainable Energy Storage
- 高分子科学（英文） 2025年43卷第10期页码：1804-1813
- Affiliations：
  
  College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Author bio：
  
  liuleipeng@sust.edu.cn (L.P.L.)
  yuehong.zhang@sust.edu.cn (Y.H.Z.)
- Funds：
  
  This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52203011).
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-025-3415-6
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2025-05-17，
  
  修回：2025-07-06，
  
  录用：2025-07-14，
  
  网络首发：2025-09-10，
  
  纸质出版：2025-10-05
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Liu, L. P.; Tian, B. Y.; Xie, R. Y.; Wei, S. P.; Yuan, P. F.; Duan, Y. D.; Chen, X. F.; Wang, Y. X.; Lv, S. H.; Zhang, Y. H. High-performance vanillin-derived dielectric polymer films for sustainable energy storage. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025, 43, 1804–1813

Lei-Peng Liu, Bo-Yi Tian, Rui-Ying Xie, et al. High-performance Vanillin-derived Dielectric Polymer Films for Sustainable Energy Storage[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2025, 43(10): 1804-1813.
Liu, L. P.; Tian, B. Y.; Xie, R. Y.; Wei, S. P.; Yuan, P. F.; Duan, Y. D.; Chen, X. F.; Wang, Y. X.; Lv, S. H.; Zhang, Y. H. High-performance vanillin-derived dielectric polymer films for sustainable energy storage. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025, 43, 1804–1813 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-025-3415-6.

Lei-Peng Liu, Bo-Yi Tian, Rui-Ying Xie, et al. High-performance Vanillin-derived Dielectric Polymer Films for Sustainable Energy Storage[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2025, 43(10): 1804-1813. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-025-3415-6.

摘要

Developing high-performance polymer dielectric films from biomass vanillin to advance sustainable green energy storage materials. Under optimal conditions

the dielectric constant is 3.4

the breakdown strength is 670.2 MV/m

the energy storage density is 7.1 J/cm

and the efficiency is over 90%.

Abstract

Dielectric films are critical components in the fabrication of capacitors. However

their reliance on petroleum-derived polymers presents significant environmental challenges. To address this issue

we report on a high-performance biomass-based dielectric material derived from vanillin (VA)

a renewable aromatic aldehyde. Vanillin was first esterified to synthesize vanillin methacrylate (VMA)

which was then copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA)

via

free-radical polymerization to yield P(VMA-MMA). By crosslinking the aldehyde groups in VMA with the amine groups in the polyether amine D400 (PEA)

we fabricated a series of P(VMA-MMA)@PEA dielectric films with precisely tunable crosslinking densities. The unique molecular structure of vanillin

featuring both a benzene ring and an ester group

facilitates strong

δ-π

interactions and dipolar polarization

synergistically enhancing energy storage density while minimizing dielectric loss. At an optimal P(VMA-MMA) ratio of 1:10 and 80% theoretical crosslinking degree

the dielectric constant reaches 3.4 at 10³ Hz

while the breakdown strength reaches 670.2 MV/m. Furthermore

the film exhibits an energy storage density of 7.1 J/cm³ at 500 MV/m while maintaining a charge-discharge efficiency exceeding 90%. This study demonstrates a green and reliable strategy for designing biomass-based dielectric materials and opens new avenues for the development of eco-frien

dly energy-storage technologies.

关键词

Keywords

references

Dong, J.; Li, L.; Qiu, P.; Pan, Y.; Niu, Y.; Sun, L.; Pan, Z.; Liu, Y.; Tan, L.; Xu, X.; Xu, C.; Luo, G.; Wang, Q.; Wang, H. Scalable polyimide-organosilicate hybrid films for high-temperature capacitive energy storage. Adv. Mater. 2023 , 35 , 2211487..

Zhang, T.; Sun, H.; Yin, C.; Hoon Jung, Y.; Min, S.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Chen, Q.; Jae Lee, K.; Chi, Q. Recent progress in polymer dielectric energy storage: From film fabrication and modification to capacitorperformance and application. Prog. Mater Sci. 2023 , 140 , 101207..

Mengjia, F.; Yancheng, L.; Xiaogang, W.; Yunqi, X.; Qingguo, C. Film capacitor materials for electric vehicle applications: Status quo and future prospects. Prog. Mater Sci. 2025 , 152 , 101458..

Shile, M.; Hongwei, L.; Yang, S.; Ming, W.; Jiaqi, Z.; Jingyi, M.; Fumin, H.; Weitao, S.; Xiaodong, Z.; Ting, T.; Jinqi, Q.; Yuqi, Y. Research progress of layered PVDF-based nanodie lectric energy storage characteristics. Polym. Bull. 2024 , 81 , 4695−4735..

Cheng, Y.; Ji, Q.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, X.; Liu, Z.; Gong, H.; Zhang, Z. Synergistic enhancement of dielectric polymers through fluorine incorporation for improved energy storage, reduced loss, and enhanced processability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024 , 34 , 2406219..

Xu, W.; Tang, Y.; Yao, H.; Zhang, Y. Dipolar glass polymers for capacitive energy storage at room temperatures and elevated temperatures. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2022 , 40 , 711−725..

Li, W.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, G.; He, Y.; Qin, B.; Zhang, X.; Liu, Z.; Gong, H.; Zhang, Z. Ultrahigh energy density achieved at high efficiency in dielectric capacitors by regulating α-phase crystallization in polypropylene films with fluorinated groups. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024 , 34 , 2410959..

Xie, Z.; Liu, D.; Tang, X.; Fu, Z.; Wang, K.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, J.; Fu, Q. Largely improved dielectric energy performances and safety of BOPP film via surface engineering. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2023 , 232 , 109856..

Luo, H.; Pan, X.; Yang, J.; Qi, X.; Wang, Y. Simultaneously improved dielectric constant and breakdown strength of PVDF-based composites with polypyrrole nanowire encapsuled molybdenum disulfide nanosheets. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2022 , 40 , 515−525..

Cui, Y.; Liu, G.; Zhang, C. Utilizing linear polymers to optimize remanent polarization and construct multilayer interfaces to obtain high-efficient poly (vinylidene fluoride)-based energy-storage composites. Langmuir 2023 , 39 , 15297−15305..

Liu, Y.; Luo, H.; Zhai, D.; Guo, R.; Zhou, X.; Xiao, Z.; Xie, H.; Zhang, D. Symmetric trilayer dielectric composites with high energy density using a low loading of KNbO 3 nanosheets. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2021 , 9 , 15983−15994..

Zheng, S.; Zhao, X.; Xie, J.; Sun, S. Crosslinking modification and hydrogen bonding synergy to achieve high breakdown strength and energy density of PMMA-co-GMA/PVDF dielectric composite films. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2023 , 25 , 32482−32492..

Zhang, C.; Zhang, T.; Feng, M.; Cui, Y.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, Y.; Feng, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Chi, Q.; Liu, X. Significantly improved energy storage performance of PVDF ferroelectric films by blending PMMA and filling PCBM. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2021 , 9 , 16291−16303..

Sun, Q.; Shi, B.; Zhang, T.; Yang, W.; Wang, J.; Zhang, L.; Xue, D.; Wang, Z.; Kang, F.; Zhang, X. Dielectric properties' synergy of stretched P(VDF-HFP) and P(VDF-HFP)/PMMA blends creates ultrahigh capacitive energy density in all-organic dielectric films. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022 , 5 , 8211−8221..

Chandra, C.; Sengwa, R. J. Polymer blend compositions reliant comprehensive study on optical, thermal, structural, and broadband dielectric and electrical properties of P(VDF-HFP)/PMMA films. J. Polym. Res. 2024 , 31 , 321..

Pei, J. Y.; Zhong, S. L.; Zhao, Y.; Yin, L. J.; Feng, Q.-K.; Huang, L.; Liu, D. F.; Zhang, Y. X.; Dang, Z. M. All-organic dielectric polymer films exhibiting superior electric breakdown strength and discharged energy density by adjusting the electrode–dielectric interface with an organic nano-interlayer. Energy Environ. Sci. 2021 , 14 , 5513−5522..

Cheng, Y.; Ji, Q.; Zhu, B.; Zhang, X.; Gong, H.; Zhang, Z. Manipulating fluorine induced bulky dipoles and their strong interaction to achieve high efficiency electric energy storage performance in polymer dielectrics. Chem. Eng. J. 2023 , 476 , 146738..

Yin, K.; Zhou, Z.; Schuele, D. E.; Wolak, M.; Zhu, L.; Baer, E. Effects of interphase modification and biaxial orientation on dielectric properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) multilayer films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016 , 8 , 13555−13566..

He, J.; Yin, Y.; Xu, M.; Wang, P.; Yang, Z.; Yang, Q.; Shi, Z.; Xiong, C. Regenerated cellulose/NaNbO 3 nanowire dielectric composite films with superior discharge energy density and efficiency. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2021 , 4 , 8150−8157..

Thomas, P.; Lai, C. W.; Bin Johan, M. R. Recent developments in biomass-derived carbon as a potential sustainable material for super -capacitor-based energy storage and environmental applications. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2019 , 140 , 54−85..

Dubal, D. P.; Chodankar, N. R.; Kim, D.-H.; Gomez-Romero, P. Towards flexible solid-state supercapacitors for smart and wearable electronics†. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018 , 47 , 2065−2129..

Peng, X.; Wu, K.; Hu, Y.; Zhuo, H.; Chen, Z.; Jing, S.; Liu, Q.; Liu, C.; Zhong, L. A mechanically strong and sensitive CNT/rGO–CNF carbon aerogel for piezoresistive sensors†. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018 , 6 , 23550−23559..

Graham, S. A.; Dudem, B.; Mule, A. R.; Patnam, H.; Yu, J. S. Engineering squandered cotton into eco-benign microarchitectured triboelectric films for sustainable and highly efficient mechanical energy harvesting. Nano Energy 2019 , 61 , 505−516..

Li, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Pan, Z.; Fan, X.; Wang, H.; Li, P.; Huang, H.; Wang, W.; Liu, J.; Zhai, J. Superior capacitive performance achieved in wide HOMO–LUMO gap cyanoethyl cellulose nanocomposites via forming a built-in electric field. J. Mater. Chem. C 2023 , 11 , 16623−16630..

Liu, L.; Yun, H.; Chen, X.; Duan, Y.; Ji, Z.; Lv, S.; Zhang, Y. Preparation of poly(guaiacol methacrylate-methyl methacrylate) dielectric films through biobased origin guaiacol. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2024 , 12 , 2739−2750..

Kunkel, R.; Fath, M.; Schmiedl, D.; Schmidt, V. M.; Tübke, J. Electroreduction of divanillin to polyvanillin in an electrochemical flow reactor. BMC Chem. 2024 , 18 , 28..

Dong, W.; Peng, H.; Zhang, R.; He, C.; Gu, Y.; Yang, Q.; Chen, S.; Lan, J.; Yan, B. Ultra-tough vanillin-based polyester hot-melt adhesive through multiple oxygenated groups. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2023 , 5 , 10010−10020..

Li, K.; Sun, X.; Yin, H.; Yang, K.; Dai, P.; Han, L.; Zhang, L.; Xu, R. Vanillin-and isovanillin-based phthalonitrile resins containing spirocycle acetal structures. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2023 , 5 , 7878−7886..

Fang, L.; Tao, Y.; Zhou, J.; Wang, C.; Dai, M.; Sun, J.; Fang, Q. A biobased low dielectric resin derived from vanillin and guaiacol. Polym. Chem. 2021 , 12 , 766−770..

Dai, M.; Sun, J.; Fang, Q. A fluorinated cross-linked polystyrene with good dielectric properties at high frequency derived from bio-based vanillin. Polym. Chem. 2022 , 13 , 4484−4489..

Adil, S.; Kumar, B.; Kim, J. Degradable, lightweight, and high-performanceunidirectional nanocellulose-long-filament-reinforced vanillin epoxy composites for structural applications. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2024 , 6 , 7932−7937..

Chen, S.; Meng, G.; Kong, B.; Xiao, B.; Wang, Z.; Jing, Z.; Gao, Y.; Wu, G.; Wang, H.; Cheng, Y. Asymmetric alicyclic amine-polyether amine molecular chain structure for improved energy storage density of high-temperature crosslinked polymer capacitor. Chem. Eng. J. 2020 , 387 , 123662..

Yang, L.; Li, Y.; Huan, D.; Zhang, H.; Zhu, C. Introducing rigid-flexible integratedstructure and constructing sacrificial bonds to achieve mechanically robust and malleable epoxy resin. Mater. Today Commun. 2024 , 40 , 109688..

Pang, Z.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Y. Electrical breakdown mechanism of ENB-EPDM cable insulation based on density functional theory. Polymers 2023 , 15 , 1217..

Lu, X.; Tong, Y.; Cheng, Z. Y. Fabrication and characterization of free-standing, flexible and translucent BaTiO 3 -P(VDF-CTFE) nanocomposite films. J. Alloys Compd. 2019 , 770 , 327−334..

Tang, Y.; Xu, W.; Niu, S.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, Z. Crosslinked dielectric materials for high-temperature capacitive energy stora ge. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021 , 9 , 10000−10011..

Xiong, J.; Fan, X.; Long, D.; Zhu, B.; Zhang, X.; Lu, J.; Xie, Y.; Zhang, Z. Significant improvement in high-temperature energy storage performance of polymer dielectrics via constructing a surface polymer carrier trap layer. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022 , 10 , 24611−24619..

Li, X.; Yang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Pang, S.; Shi, J.; Ma, X.; Zhu, K. Enhanced energy storage density of all-organic fluoropolymer composite dielectric via introducing crosslinked structure. RSC Adv. 2021 , 11 , 15177−15183..

He, G.; Luo, H.; Liu, Y.; Wan, Y.; Peng, B.; Hu, D.; Wang, F.; Li, X.; Peng, J.; Wang, H.; Zhang, D. Enhanced high-temperature energy storage in semi-aromatic polyimides via dual regulation of short-range ordered and crosslinked architectures. Energy Environ. Sci. 2025 , 18 , 2405−2414..

Zhu, L.; Zheng, Z.; Xu, W.; Tang, Y.; Yao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, Z. Optimizing high-temperature capacitive energy storage performance by constructing crosslinked structure in self-crosslinkable polyetherimides. Mater. Today Energy 2022 , 30 , 101145..

Wang, M.; Lu, H.; Meng, J.; Fu, W.; Zhang, J.; Liu, X.; Su, W.; Tian, T.; Wang, Y.; Qin, J. Research progress on crosslinked polymer-based dielectrics for thin film capacitors. Polym. Bull. 2024 , 81 , 13901−13940..

Li, Q.; Liu, J.; Zhang, X.; Tan, S.; Lu, J.; Zhang, Z. Tuning the dielectric and energy storage properties of polystyrene-based polymer dielectric by manipulating dipoles and their polarizing behavior. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2019 , 21 , 15712−15724..

浏览量

581

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Achieving Enhanced Optical Transparency and Low-dielectric Properties in Meta-substituted Copolyimides for Flexible Substrates

Key Physicochemical Properties and Service Characteristics of Low Dielectric Polyimide-based Nanocomposites

Dielectric Constant Calculation of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Based on Finite Field and Density Functional Theory

Highly Hydrolysis-Resistant Polyimide Fibers Prepared by Thermal Crosslinking with Inherent Carboxyl Groups

Highly Regio- and trans-Selective Ring-opening Metathesis Polymerization of Chiral Aza-norbornene with a Simple Phenylimido-Tungsten Catalyst