A Near-infrared Non-fullerene Acceptor with Thienopyrrole-expanded Benzo[1,2-<italic style="font-style: italic">b</italic>:4,5-<italic style="font-style: italic">b</italic>′]dithiophene Core for Polymer Solar Cells

Zhen Chen; Shan-Shan Ma; Kai Zhang; Zhi-Cheng Hu; Qing-Wu Yin; Fei Huang; Yong Cao

doi:10.1007/s10118-020-2440-8

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

A Near-infrared Non-fullerene Acceptor with Thienopyrrole-expanded Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene Core for Polymer Solar Cells

ARTICLE | Updated：2020-06-30

- A Near-infrared Non-fullerene Acceptor with Thienopyrrole-expanded Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene Core for Polymer Solar Cells
- A Near-infrared Non-fullerene Acceptor with Thienopyrrole-expanded Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene Core for Polymer Solar Cells
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2021年39卷第1期页码：35-42
- Affiliations：
  
  Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Author bio：
  
  mszhangk@scut.edu.cn (K.Z.)
  msfhuang@scut.edu.cn (F.H.)
- Funds：
  
  This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2019YFA0705900) funded by MOST, the Basic and Applied Basic Research Major Program of Guangdong Province (No. 2019B030302007), and the Pearl River Nova Program of Guangzhou (NO. 201906010074).
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-020-2440-8
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2020-03-18，
  
  修回：2020-4-3，
  
  录用：2020-4-6，
  
  网络首发：2020-06-30，
  
  纸质出版：2021-01-01
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Chen, Z.; Ma, S. S.; Zhang, K.; Hu, Z. C.; Yin, Q. W.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. A near-infrared non-fullerene acceptor with thienopyrrole-expanded benzo[1,2-, b,:4,5-, b,′]dithiophene core for polymer solar cells. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2021, 39, 35–42

Zhen Chen, Shan-Shan Ma, Kai Zhang, et al. A Near-infrared Non-fullerene Acceptor with Thienopyrrole-expanded Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene Core for Polymer Solar Cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2021, 39(1): 35-42. DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2440-8.
Chen, Z.; Ma, S. S.; Zhang, K.; Hu, Z. C.; Yin, Q. W.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. A near-infrared non-fullerene acceptor with thienopyrrole-expanded benzo[1,2-, b,:4,5-, b,′]dithiophene core for polymer solar cells. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2021, 39, 35–42 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-020-2440-8.

Zhen Chen, Shan-Shan Ma, Kai Zhang, et al. A Near-infrared Non-fullerene Acceptor with Thienopyrrole-expanded Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene Core for Polymer Solar Cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2021, 39(1): 35-42. DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2440-8. DOI：

摘要

Abstract

A near-infrared non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) BDTIC

based on thienopyrrole-expanded benzo[1

′]dithiophene unit (heptacyclic

-heteroacene) as core

is designed and synthesized. The aromatic pyrrole ring with strong electron-donating ability in the core enhances the intramolecular charge transfer effect

finely tunes the optical bandgap and absorption profile of BDTIC

and thus results in a narrowed optical bandgap (

$$E_{\rm{g}}^{\rm{opt}}$$

http://notExist.jpg

) of 1.38 eV and a near-infrared absorption to 900 nm. When BDTIC is paired with donor polymer PBDB-T to fabricate organic solar cells

the optimized device achieves a best power conversion efficiency of 12.1% with a short-circuit current density of 20.0 mA·cm

–2

and an open-circuit voltage of 0.88 V. The photovoltaic performance benefits from the broad absorption

weak bimolecular recombination

efficient charge separation and collection

and favorable blend morphology. This work demonstrates that thienopyrrole-expanded benzo[1

′]dithiophene unit (heptacyclic

-heteroacene) is a promising building unit to construct high-performance NFAs by enhancing the intramolecular charge transfer effect

broadening absorption as well as maintaining good intermolecular stacking property.

关键词

Keywords

references

Brabec, C. J.; Gowrisanker, S.; Halls, J. J. M.; Laird, D.; Jia, S.; Williams, S. P. . Polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells . Adv. Mater. , 2010 . 22 3839 - 3856 . DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903697 http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200903697 .

Li, Y. . Molecular design of photovoltaic materials for polymer solar cells: toward suitable electronic energy levels and broad absorption . Acc. Chem. Res. , 2012 . 45 723 - 733 . DOI: 10.1021/ar2002446 http://doi.org/10.1021/ar2002446 .

Qu, J. F.; Liu, J.; Li, S. Da; Xie, Z. Y.; Geng, Y. H. . Donor-acceptor conjugated cooligomers for single molecule solar cells . Chinese J. Polym. Sci. , 2013 . 31 815 - 822 . DOI: 10.1007/s10118-013-1276-x http://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-013-1276-x .

Krebs, F. C.; Espinosa, N.; Hösel, M.; Søndergaard, R. R.; Jørgensen, M. . 25 th Anniversary article: rise to power-OPV-based solar parks . Adv. Mater. , 2014 . 26 29 - 39 . DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302031 http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302031 .

Li, Z. Y.; Zhong, W. K.; Ying, L.; Li, N.; Liu, F.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. . Achieving efficient thick film all-polymer solar cells using a green solvent additive . Chinese J. Polym. Sci. , 2020 . 38 323 - 331 . DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2356-3 http://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-020-2356-3 .

Zhang, K.; Liu, X.; Xu, B.; Cui, Y.; Sun, M.; Hou, J. . High-performance fullerene-free polymer solar cells with solution-processed conjugated polymers as anode interfacial layer . Chinese J. Polym. Sci. , 2017 . 35 219 - 229 . DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1888-7 http://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-017-1888-7 .

Liao, Q.; Kang, Q.; Yang, Y.; An, C.; Xu, B.; Hou, J. . Tailoring and modifying an organic electron acceptor toward the cathode interlayer for highly efficient organic solar cells . Adv. Mater. , 2020 . 32 1906557 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906557 http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906557 .

Yuan, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, L.; Zhang, C.; Lau, T. K.; Zhang, G.; Lu, X.; Yip, H. L.; So, S. K.; Beaupré, S.; Mainville, M.; Johnson, P. A.; Leclerc, M.; Chen, H.; Peng, H.; Li, Y.; Zou, Y. . Fused benzothiadiazole: a building block for n-type organic acceptor to achieve high-performance organic solar cells . Adv. Mater. , 2019 . 31 1 - 8 . .

Yan, C.; Liu, T.; Chen, Y.; Ma, R.; Tang, H.; Li, G.; Li, T.; Xiao, Y.; Yang, T.; Lu, X.; Zhan, X.; Yan, H.; Li, G.; Tang, B. . ITC-2Cl: a versatile middle-bandgap nonfullerene acceptor for high-efficiency panchromatic ternary organic solar cells . Sol. RRL , 2020 . 4 1900377 DOI: 10.1002/solr.201900377 http://doi.org/10.1002/solr.201900377 .

Chen, T. W.; Peng, K. L.; Lin, Y. W.; Su, Y. J.; Ma, K. J.; Hong, L.; Chang, C. C.; Hou, J.; Hsu, C. S. . A chlorinated nonacyclic carbazole-based acceptor affords over 15% efficiency in organic solar cells . J. Mater. Chem. A , 2020 . 8 1131 - 1137 . DOI: 10.1039/C9TA12605H http://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA12605H .

Dong, S.; Zhang, K.; Jia, T.; Zhong, W.; Wang, X.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. . Suppressing the excessive aggregation of nonfullerene acceptor in blade-coated active layer by using n-type polymer additive to achieve large-area printed organic solar cells with efficiency over 15% . EcoMat , 2019 . 1 12006 .

Geng, S. Z.; Yang, W. T.; Gao, J.; Li, S. X.; Shi, M. M.; Lau, T. K.; Lu, X. H.; Li, C. Z.; Chen, H. Z. . Non-fullerene acceptors with a thieno[3,4- c ]pyrrole-4,6-di one (TPD) core for efficient organic solar cells . Chinese J. Polym. Sci. , 2019 . 37 1005 - 1014 . DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2309-x http://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-019-2309-x .

Meng, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wan, X.; Li, C.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Ke, X.; Xiao, Z.; Ding, L.; Xia, R.; Yip, H. L.; Cao, Y.; Chen, Y. . Organic and solution-processed tandem solar cells with 17.3% efficiency . Science , 2018 . 361 1094 - 1098 . DOI: 10.1126/science.aat2612 http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat2612 .

Lin, Y.; Adilbekova, B.; Firdaus, Y.; Yengel, E.; Faber, H.; Sajjad, M.; Zheng, X.; Yarali, E.; Seitkhan, A.; Bakr, O. M.; El-Labban, A.; Schwingenschlögl, U.; Tung, V.; McCulloch, I.; Laquai, F.; Anthopoulos, T. D. . 17% Efficient organic solar cells based on liquid exfoliated WS 2 as a replacement for PEDOT:PSS . Adv. Mater. , 2019 . 31 1902965 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902965 http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902965 .

Zhan, L.; Li, S.; Lau, T.-K.; Cui, Y.; Lu, X.; Shi, M.; Li, C. Z.; Li, H.; Hou, J.; Chen, H. . Over 17% efficiency ternary organic solar cells enabled by two non-fullerene acceptors working in an alloy-like model . Energy Environ. Sci. , 2020 . 13 635 - 645 . DOI: 10.1039/C9EE03710A http://doi.org/10.1039/C9EE03710A .

Lin, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Z. G.; Bai, H.; Li, Y.; Zhu, D.; Zhan, X. . An electron acceptor challenging fullerenes for efficient polymer solar cells . Adv. Mater. , 2015 . 27 1170 - 1174 . DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404317 http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201404317 .

Mihailetchi, B. V. D.;. van Duren, J. K. J; Blom, P. W. M.; Hummelen, J. C.; Janssen, R. A. J.; Kroon, J. M.; Rispens, M. T.; Verhees, W. J. H.; Wienk, M. M. . Electron transport in a methanofullerene . Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. , 2010 . 2 610 - 617 . .

Huang, F.; Bo, Z. S.; Geng, Y. H.; Wang, X. H.; Wang, L. X.; Ma, Y. G.; Hou, J. H.; Hu, W. P.; Pei, J.; Dong, H. L.; Wang, S.; Li, Z.; Shuai, Z. G.; Li, Y. F.; Cao, Y. . Study on optoelectronic polymers: an overview and outlook . Acta Polymerica Sinica (in Chinese) , 2019 . 50 988 - 1046 . .

Wu, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Yang, H.; Sun, C.; Dong, Y.; Cui, C.; Yan, H.; Li, Y. . Rationally pairing photoactive materials for high-performance polymer solar cells with efficiency of 16.53% . Sci. China Chem. , 2019 . 63 265 - 271 . .

Fan, B.; Zhang, D.; Li, M.; Zhong, W.; Zeng, Z.; Ying, L.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. . Achieving over 16% efficiency for single-junction organic solar cells . Sci. China Chem. , 2019 . 62 746 - 752 . DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9457-5 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-019-9457-5 .

Lin, Y.; Li, T.; Zhao, F.; Han, L.; Wang, Z.; Wu, Y.; He, Q.; Wang, J.; Huo, L.; Sun, Y.; Wang, C.; Ma, W.; Zhan, X. . Structure evolution of oligomer fused-ring electron acceptors toward high efficiency of as-cast polymer solar cells . Adv. Energy Mater. , 2016 . 6 1600854 DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201600854 http://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600854 .

Wang, W.; Lu, H.; Chen, Z.; Jia, B.; Li, K.; Ma, W.; Zhan, X. . High-performance NIR-sensitive fused tetrathienoacene electron acceptors . J. Mater. Chem. A , 2020 . 8 3011 - 3017 . DOI: 10.1039/C9TA13128K http://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA13128K .

Jia, B.; Wang, J.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, M.; Jiang, Y.; Tang, Z.; Russell, T. P.; Zhan, X. . Enhancing the performance of a fused-ring electron acceptor by unidirectional extension . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2019 . 141 19023 - 19031 . DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08988 http://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b08988 .

Wang, H.; Cao, J.; Yu, J.; Zhang, Z.; Geng, R.; Yang, L.; Tang, W. . Molecular engineering of central fused-ring cores of non-fullerene acceptors for high-efficiency organic solar cells . J. Mater. Chem. A , 2019 . 7 4313 - 4333 . DOI: 10.1039/C8TA12465E http://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA12465E .

Xu, S.; Zhou, Z.; Liu, W.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, F.; Yan, H.; Zhu, X. . A twisted thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-based electron acceptor featuring a 14-π-electron indenoindene core for high-performance organic photovoltaics . Adv. Mater. , 2017 . 29 1 - 6 . .

Huang, C.; Liao, X.; Gao, K.; Zuo, L.; Lin, F.; Shi, X.; Li, C. Z.; Liu, H.; Li, X.; Liu, F.; Chen, Y.; Chen, H.; Jen, A. K. Y. . Highly efficient organic solar cells based on S , N -heteroacene non-fullerene acceptors . Chem. Mater. , 2018 . 30 5429 - 5434 . DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02276 http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02276 .

Sun, J.; Ma, X.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, J.; Zhou, J.; Yin, X.; Yang, L.; Geng, R.; Zhu, R.; Zhang, F.; Tang, W. . Dithieno[3,2- b :2′,3′- d ]pyrrol fused nonfullerene acceptors enabling over 13% efficiency for organic solar cells . Adv. Mater. , 2018 . 30 1 - 8 . .

Lin, Y.; Zhao, F.; He, Q.; Huo, L.; Wu, Y.; Parker, T. C.; Ma, W.; Sun, Y.; Wang, C.; Zhu, D.; Heeger, A. J.; Marder, S. R.; Zhan, X. . High-performance electron acceptor with thienyl side chains for organic photovoltaics . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2016 . 138 4955 - 4961 . DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02004 http://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b02004 .

Hu, H.; Jiang, K.; Yang, G.; Liu, J.; Li, Z.; Lin, H.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, J.; Huang, F.; Qu, Y.; Ma, W.; Yan, H. . Terthiophene-based D-A polymer with an asymmetric arrangement of alkyl chains that enables efficient polymer solar cells . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2015 . 137 14149 - 14157 . DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08556 http://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b08556 .

Liu, Q.; Xiao, Z.; Li, T.; Yang, S.; You, W.; Wang, M.; Ding, L. . Understanding the side-chain effects on A-D-A acceptors: in-plane and out-of-plane . Mater. Chem. Front. , 2018 . 2 1563 - 1567 . DOI: 10.1039/C8QM00238J http://doi.org/10.1039/C8QM00238J .

Feng, H.; Song, X.; Zhang, M.; Yu, J.; Zhang, Z.; Geng, R.; Yang, L.; Liu, F.; Baran, D.; Tang, W. . Side chain engineering on dithieno[3,2- b :2,3- d ]pyrrol fused electron acceptors for efficient organic solar cells . Mater. Chem. Front. , 2019 . 3 702 - 708 . DOI: 10.1039/C8QM00669E http://doi.org/10.1039/C8QM00669E .

Li, Y.; Zhong, L.; Gautam, B.; Bin, H.; Lin, J.; Wu, F.; Zhang, Z.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Gundogdu, K.; Li, Y.; Liao, L. . A near-infrared non-fullerene electron acceptor for high performance polymer solar cells . Energy Environ. Sci. , 2017 . 10 1610 - 1620 . DOI: 10.1039/C7EE00844A http://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE00844A .

Warnan, J.; Cabanetos, C.; El Labban, A.; Hansen, M. R.; Tassone, C.; Toney, M. F.; Beaujuge, P. M. . Ordering effects in benzo[1,2- b :4,5- b ′]difuran-thieno[3,4- c ]pyrrole-4,6-dione polymers with < 7% solar cell efficiency . Adv. Mater. , 2014 . 26 4357 - 4362 . DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305344 http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305344 .

Li, Y.; Lin, J. D.; Che, X.; Qu, Y.; Liu, F.; Liao, L. S.; Forrest, S. R. . High efficiency near-infrared and semitransparent non-fullerene acceptor organic photovoltaic cells . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2017 . 139 17114 - 17119 . DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11278 http://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b11278 .

Shi, X.; Chen, J.; Gao, K.; Zuo, L.; Yao, Z.; Liu, F.; Tang, J.; Jen, A. K. Y. . Terthieno[3,2- b ]thiophene (6T) based low bandgap fused-ring electron acceptor for highly efficient solar cells with a high short-circuit current density and low open-circuit voltage loss . Energy Mater. , 2018 . 8 2 - 9 . .

Brown, P. J.; Thomas, D. S.; Köhler, A.; Wilson, J. S.; Kim, J. S.; Ramsdale, C. M.; Sirringhaus, H.; Friend, R. H. . Effect of interchain interactions on the absorption and emission of poly(3-hexylthiophene) . Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. , 2003 . 67 1 - 16 . .

Li, W.; Cai, J.; Yan, Y.; Cai, F.; Li, S.; Gurney, R. S.; Liu, D.; McGettrick, J. D.; Watson, T. M.; Li, Z.; Pearson, A. J.; Lidzey, D. G.; Hou, J.; Wang, T. . Correlating three-dimensional morphology with function in PBDB-T:IT-M non-fullerene organic solar cells . Sol. RRL , 2018 . 2 1800114 DOI: 10.1002/solr.201800114 http://doi.org/10.1002/solr.201800114 .

Long, G.; Wu, B.; Solanki, A.; Yang, X.; Kan, B.; Liu, X.; Wu, D.; Xu, Z.; Wu, W. R.; Jeng, U. S.; Lin, J.; Li, M.; Wang, Y.; Wan, X.; Sum, T. C.; Chen, Y. . New insights into the correlation between morphology, excited state dynamics, and device performance of small molecule organic solar cells . Adv. Energy Mater. , 2016 . 6 1600961 DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201600961 http://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600961 .

Xiao, M.; Zhang, K.; Jin, Y.; Yin, Q.; Zhong, W.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. . Low temperature processed high-performance thick film ternary polymer solar cell with enhanced stability . Nano Energy , 2018 . 48 53 - 62 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.03.006 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.03.006 .

Duan, C.; Zhong, C.; Liu, C.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. . Highly efficient inverted polymer solar cells based on an alcohol soluble fullerene derivative interfacial modification material . Chem. Mater. , 2012 . 24 1682 - 1689 . DOI: 10.1021/cm300824h http://doi.org/10.1021/cm300824h .

Zhang, K.; Hu, Z.; Sun, C.; Wu, Z.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. . Toward solution-processed high-performance polymer solar cells: from material design to device engineering . Chem. Mater. , 2017 . 29 141 - 148 . DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02802 http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02802 .

Goh, C.; Kline, R. J.; McGehee, M. D.; Kadnikova, E. N.; Fŕchet, J. M. J. . Molecular-weight-dependent mobilities in regioregular poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) diodes . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 2005 . 86 122110 - 3 . DOI: 10.1063/1.1891301 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1891301 .

Fan, B.; Du, X.; Liu, F.; Zhong, W.; Ying, L.; Xie, R.; Tang, X.; An, K.; Xin, J.; Li, N.; Ma, W.; Brabec, C. J.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. . Fine-tuning of the chemical structure of photoactive materials for highly efficient organic photovoltaics . Nat. Energy , 2018 . 3 1051 - 1058 . DOI: 10.1038/s41560-018-0263-4 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0263-4 .

Koster, L. J. A.; Mihailetchi, V. D.; Ramaker, R.; Blom, P. W. M. . Light intensity dependence of open-circuit voltage of polymer:fullerene solar cells . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 2005 . 86 123509 DOI: 10.1063/1.1889240 http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1889240 .

Cowan, S. R.; Roy, A.; Heeger, A. J. . Recombination in polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells . Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. , 2010 . 82 1 - 36 . .

Hexemer, A.; Bras, W.; Glossinger, J.; Schaible, E.; Gann, E.; Kirian, R.; MacDowell, A.; Church, M.; Rude, B.; Padmore, H. . A SAXS/WAXS/GISAXS beamline with multilayer monochromator . J. Phys. Conf. Ser. , 2010 . 247 012007 DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/247/1/012007 http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/247/1/012007 .

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Non-fullerene Acceptors with a Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) Core for Efficient Organic Solar Cells

Facile and Cost-Efficient Synthesis of Photovoltaic Polymers via Direct Arylation Coupling

Improvements of Hydrophobicity and Toughness of Epoxy Coatings Modified with Hydroxyl-terminated Fluororubber

Two-way Shape Memory Effect of Polycaprolactone-based Polyurethane via Synergistic Role of Hydrogen Bonding and Crystallization Tuned by Malic Acid

Squaramide-directed Cooperative One-dimensional Assembly in Telechelic Polydimethylsiloxane for Hierarchical Network Formation

A Near-infrared Non-fullerene Acceptor with Thienopyrrole-expanded Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene Core for Polymer Solar Cells

A Near-infrared Non-fullerene Acceptor with Thienopyrrole-expanded Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene Core for Polymer Solar Cells

DOI：10.1007/s10118-020-2440-8

摘要

Abstract

关键词

Keywords

references