- Abstract：Polymers that exhibit both biodegradability and chemical recyclability offer a promising solution to environmental pollution and resource scarcity. Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) is a promising chemically recyclable polymer, characterized by its seawater degradability and high mechanical strength. In this study, aliphatic polycarbonates were synthesized through melt polycondensation and subsequently copolymerized with glycolide (GL) to produce chemically recyclable PGA based triblock copolymers with well-defined structures. The properties of these copolymers, including their thermal properties, crystallization behavior, and mechanical performance, can be effectively adjusted by modifying the structure and content of the middle block. Furthermore, an in-depth investigation reveals that the pyrolysis process involves ester exchange, radical, and back-biting reactions. In addition, the high-efficiency "Monomer↔Copolymer" chemical recycling loop has been established, achieving a remarkable yield exceeding 88% along with a purity greater than 99%.Keywords：Poly(glycolic acid);Triblock copolymer;Ring-opening polymerization;Pyrolysis mechanism;Chemical recycling22|19|0
Updated：2025-11-19 - Abstract：The poor degradability and limited recyclability of epoxy resins are key challenges hindering the efficient recycling of ex-service wind turbine blades (EWTBs). Herein, we proposed a selective degradation strategy for direct recycling and high-value recovery of epoxy resins by introducing degradable Schiff base groups into the molecular structure and utilizing the resulting oligomers as curing agents. To realize this strategy, a series of Schiff base compounds were synthesized using bio-based vanillin and diamines and subsequently functionalized with epichlorohydrin to yield bio-based epoxy resins. The cured epoxy resins demonstrated remarkable improvements in the mechanical properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), with an increases of 44.49% in the tensile strength of 38.55%, bending strength, and impact strength of 71.20 %. The introduction of dynamic Schiff base bonds enabled the selective degradation of the vanillin-2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane-based epoxy resin (VBEP)/DGEBA copolymer, producing 84.20% oligomers that can be directly recycled and reused. Replacing 30 wt% of the curing agent with the oligomer increased the tensile strength of the cured sample to 75.40 MPa, surpassing that of the cured DGEBA. Under simulated acid rain and seawater exposure, the copolymer exhibited a service life of 27 years at 40 °C, significantly exceeding the currently reported service life of 20 years. This study presents a sustainable strategy for the direct recycling and high-value reuse of epoxy resin, offering a promising solution for EWTBs.Keywords：Epoxy resins;Schiff base;Degradability;Reusability17|21|0Updated：2025-11-19
- Abstract：Herein, we reported a Tb-carboxyl-imidazole coordination-crosslinked carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) elastomer design that exhibits high mechanical robustness, fluorochromism, and white-light emission. Imidazole (Im), a toughening, sensitizing, and self-emissive ligand, highly intensified the fluorescence emission, remarkably toughened the elastomer, and imparted multistimuli responsiveness to the elastomer. The Tb3+ ions acted as cross-linking centers and provided high-temperature sensitivity of fluorescence emission (more sensitive than Eu3+ ions). The as-prepared XNBR/Tb/Im elastomer, with excellent puncture resistance, exhibited an ultimate extensibility of about 3100% and the highest tensile strength of 22 MPa. Experimental and theoretical investigations have demonstrated that Tb3+ ions are more likely to interact with Im ligands with increasing amounts of Im. The number of coordination cross-links with higher cross-linking functionalities showed an increasing trend during stretching. The elastomer exhibited an excitation wavelength and temperature-dependent green emission. By introducing red-emissive Eu3+ into the elastomer, a white-light-emitting XNBR/Tb/Eu/Im elastomer with chemo-fluorochromism was fabricated. The XNBR/Tb/Eu/Im elastomer exhibited stable white-light emission during both heating and stretching. Changing the temperature only resulted in a variation in the intensity of the white light. We demonstrated the potential applications of these elastomers in patterning and information anti-counterfeiting/encryption. This coordination crosslinked tough elastomer with fluorochromism and white-light emission paves a new way to fabricate soft devices and sensors, where optical information displays and optical signal responses are required.Keywords：Dynamic coordination;Elastomer;Fluorochromism;Tough;Terbium30|21|0Updated：2025-11-19
- Abstract：The low-voltage plateau capacity, which is highly related to the internal closed pores in hard carbon (HC), is the main contributor to the total capacity in sodium-ion batteries. However, the formation mechanism of closed pores and modification strategies at the molecular level in HC polymer precursors remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the practical applications of HCs are significantly impeded by their low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE). In this study, the intramolecular heteroatom doping (IHP) effect was proposed to facilitate the formation of closed pores in polymer-derived HC for the first time by grafting sulfonyl, ether, and carbonyl groups between benzene rings. As a result, the optimized HC sample showed an increased closed pore volume and low Na+ adsorption energy, which delivered a reversible capacity of 307.9 mAh·g−1 and superior rate capability. Through further optimized presodiation, the formed presodiated HC featuring a thin, smooth, and dense solid electrolyte interface film exhibited a remarkably enhanced ICE of 94.4% and enhanced cycling stability (93.6% over 3000 cycles). This study provides an in-depth understanding of the formation mechanisms of closed pores via IHP engineering and develops a new synergistic strategy involving presodiation to prepare highly stable HC anodes.Keywords：Intramolecular doping;Chemical presodiation;Hard carbon;Closed pores;Sodium-ion batteries12|4|0Updated：2025-11-19
- Abstract：The aim of this study is to develop magnetopolymer composites suitable for fabricating soft magnetoactive robots via extrusion-based 3D printing. Polysiloxane copolymers with urea fragments were synthesized and characterized, and their thermophysical and rheological properties were investigated. This study provides an assessment of the potential for their further use in additive manufacturing. The obtained materials were utilized as matrices for creating magnetically active polymer composites by incorporating microparticles of carbonyl iron. Samples of complex geometries were printed using both neat and filled filaments, demonstrating the feasibility of employing these materials in extrusion-based 3D printing.Keywords：Polydimethylsiloxane;Polysiloxane ureas;Magnetoactive materials;3D printing21|4|0Updated：2025-11-19
- Abstract：Strong polyelectrolyte brushes (SPBs) play an important role in enabling material surface functionalization due to their unique stimuli-responsive properties. Although the unexpected pH responsiveness of SPBs has been revealed in the past ten years, it is still unclear if the pH-responsive properties of SPBs are affected by the brush thickness. In this study, we employed the positively charged poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (PMETAC) and negatively charged sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS) brushes as model systems to explore the effect of thickness on the pH-responsive properties of SPBs. The results demonstrate that the pH-responsive properties of SPBs manifest different dependences on the brush thickness. Specifically, for both PMETAC and NaPSS brushes, the pH-responsive hydration and stiffness are influenced by the thickness, and the pH-responsive wettability and adhesion are almost unaffected by the thickness. This work not only provides a clear understanding of the relationship between the brush thickness and the pH responsiveness of SPBs, but also offers a new method to control the pH-responsive properties of SPBs.Keywords：Strong polyelectrolyte brushes;pH responsiveness;Brush thickness;Counterion-mediated hydrogen bonding14|3|0Updated：2025-11-19
- Abstract：Adjusting the structure of the hard segment (HS) represents a key method for manipulating the mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). This study developed a novel molecular design strategy to tailor TPU’s mechanical performance through altering the terminal diisocyanate structure of HS. The typical HDI-BDO based TPU was chosen as a model. Replacing HS’s terminal HDI residues with aromatic PPDI, TODI, and MDI (the corresponding TPUs are named as 2P, 2TO, and 2M, respectively) enabled broad tuning of TPU’s Young's modulus while maintaining high tensile strength and elongation. Compared with linear PPDI and TODI, the bent and unsymmetrical MDI exhibits greater deviation from the central axis of the middle HDI-BDO segment, which reduces HS’s capability of three-dimensionally ordered packing. Therefore, 2P and 2TO show higher hydrogen bond content and crystallinity, stronger physical crosslinking network, and thus much higher Young's modulus than 2M (75.6 MPa). Besides geometric structure, π–π stacking between HS’s terminal aromatic diisocyanates critically governs TPU’s physical crosslinking network. In 2P, π–π stacking induces torsion of the middle HDI-BDO segment and disrupts the neighboring hydrogen bonds, leading to a dense network with fine hard blocks. In contrast, the lateral methyl groups in TODI hinder π–π stacking, resulting in a sparse network with large hard blocks. Accordingly, 2TO exhibits a higher Young's modulus (146.2 MPa) than 2P (124.0 MPa), but greater strain-rate sensitivity.Keywords：Thermoplastic polyurethane;Diisocyanate structure;Hydrogen bond;π–π stacking12|3|0Updated：2025-11-19
- Abstract：Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) materials are produced with high smoke and toxic gases during combustion, when commercial flame-retardant additives are incorporated. Here, rare-earth yttrium stannate (Y2Sn2O7), which is superior to commercial flame retardants, was designed to enhance the smoke suppression and toxicity reduction performance of PVC materials without damaging their mechanical properties. After the addition of 15 wt% Y2Sn2O7 (PVC/Y2Sn2O7), the PVC composites achieved a V-0 rating, whereas the pure PVC material achieved a V-2 rating. The peak heat release rate of PVC/Y2Sn2O7 composite was reduced from 282.7 kW/m2 (pure PVC) to 243.6 kW/m2. In addition, the maximum smoke density (Ds-max) of PVC/Y2Sn2O7 was 263 m2/m2, a decrease of 48.5% compared to pure PVC materials (511 m2/m2), indicating its outstanding ability for smoke suppression. Compared to Sb2O3, Y2Sn2O7 can effectively reduce the release of the toxic gas CO (decreasing by 37.5%). Furthermore, the tensile strength of PVC can reach as high as 16.1 MPa. Compared with five widely used commercial flame retardants, Y2Sn2O7 demonstrates superior performance, positioning it as a promising alternative to prospective candidates. Therefore, this study developed a rare-earth flame retardant and offers a promising design to improve the fire safety of PVC composites.Keywords：Poly(vinyl chloride);Yttrium stannate;Flame retardant;Smoke suppression;Comprehensive properties9|0|0Updated：2025-11-19
- Abstract：An efficient, simple, and convenient method for Suzuki polycondensation using a diaminocarbene palladium(II) catalyst under aerobic conditions was developed. Reactions between aromatic diboronic acid bis(pinacol) ester and different aromatic dibromides, both with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing fragments in the structure, were carried out. Various reaction conditions, such as the effect of catalyst concentration and solvent, were investigated. The molecular weight characteristics, photo- and electroluminescence properties of the synthesized polymers were studied.Keywords：Diaminocarbene palladium(II) complexes;Copolyfluorenes;Electroluminescence;Photoluminescence;Suzuki polycondensation14|0|0Updated：2025-11-19
- Abstract：Effective antifouling coatings are critical for protecting marine infrastructure from biofouling and environmental degradation; however, achieving long-term antifouling performance along with environmental stability remains a major challenge. In this study, a multifunctional bio-based epoxy coating is developed by integrating a dual-action antifouling system. Cinnamic acid (CA), which is known for its antibacterial and UV-shielding properties, was chemically grafted into ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) to provide intrinsic antifouling and anti-UV functions. Simultaneously, the KH560-modified silica aerogel was incorporated to create a dense hydrophobic surface that repels microorganism adhesion. The resulting coating exhibited a superhydrophobic contact angle of 154.3°, an ultralow surface energy, and exceptional resistance to protein and algal adhesion. Additionally, it achieves 99% bactericidal efficiency against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) while maintaining high transparency and ease of processing. These results highlight a promising strategy for designing durable and eco-friendly antifouling coatings suitable for demanding marine environments.Keywords：Epoxy resin;Cinnamic acid;Intrinsic antibacterial;Anti-ultraviolet;Superhydrophobic15|0|0Updated：2025-11-18
- Abstract：Knots are discovered in a wide range of systems, from DNA and proteins to catheters and umbilical cords, and have thus attracted much attention from physicists and biophysicists. Langevin dynamics simulations were performed to study the knotting properties of coarse-grained knotted circular semiflexible polyelectrolyte (PE) in solutions of different concentrations of trivalent salt. We find that the length and position of the knotted region can be controlled by tuning the bending rigidity b of the PE and the salt concentration CS. We find that the knot length varies nonmonotonically with b in the presence of salt, and the knot localizes and is the tightest at b=5. As b>5, the knot swells with b increase. In addition, similar modulations of the knot size and position can be achieved by varying the salt concentration CS. The knot length varies nonmonotonically with CS for b>0. The knot localizes and becomes tightest at CS=1.5×10−4 mol/L in the range of CS≤1.5×10−4 mol/L. As CS>1.5×10−4 mol/L, the knot of the circular semiflexible PE swells at the expense of the overall size of the PE. Our results lay the foundation for achieving broader and more precise external adjustability of knotted PE size and knot length.Keywords：Langevin dynamics simulation;Knotted circular semiflexible polyelectrolyte;Trivalent salt;Knot size16|2|0Updated：2025-11-18
- Abstract：A series of imido-vanadium(V) complexes bearing bidentate phenoxy-phosphine ligands were synthesized and characterized by NMR, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These complexes demonstrated excellent catalytic performance in ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization, achieving high activities of 12.0×106–49.0×106 gpolymer ·(molV)–1·h–1 and affording random copolymers with tunable 1-hexene incorporations. These catalysts also exhibited ultrahigh activity, up to 112.2×106 gpolymer ·(molV)–1·h–1, in ethylene/norbornene (NB) copolymerization, yielding cyclic olefin copolymers with adjustable NB incorporations. Remarkably, these catalysts demonstrated exceptional tolerance toward polar functional groups, enabling efficient copolymerization of ethylene with both 10-undecen-1-ol (U-OH) and 5-norbornene-2-methanol (NB-OH), incorporating about 2 mol% polar comonomers with high efficiency. Different with the catalytic behaviors in copolymerization of ethylene with nonpolar comonomers, the catalytic activities in E/U-OH copolymerization (25.7×106 gpolymer ·(molV)–1·h–1) were much higher than those in E/NB-OH copolymerization (8.6×106 gpolymer ·(molV)–1·h–1). DFT calculations revealed that the catalytic performance is governed by synergistic electronic and steric effects. For E/NB copolymerization, strong preference for cyclic olefins was attributed to favorable transition state stabilization. In polar comonomer systems, steric effects were predominant, with NB-OH exhibiting a larger buried volume around vanadium center upon coordination compared to U-OH. Overall, this work provides fundamental insights into vanadium-catalyzed (co)polymerization and offers new strategies for tailored polyolefin design.Keywords：Vanadium catalysts;Copolymerization;Polar polyolefin;Ultrahigh activity;Activity inversion10|5|0Updated：2025-11-18
- Abstract：Due to environmental concerns and the oil crisis, biodegradable polymer foams have garnered increasing attention. Among all biodegradable materials, Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P(HB-co-HV)) distinguishes itself with the advantage of being biodegradable in all natural environments. However, preparing P(HB-co-HV) foam with a fine cellular structure remains challenging. Herein, P(HB-co-HV) foams with a double melting peak structure were developed. P(HB-co-HV) samples were first heated briefly near the melting temperature to melt most of the crystals, followed by saturation and foaming at a lower temperature (foaming temperature). P(HB-co-HV) foams with cell sizes of 7.1−30.0 μm and relative densities ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 were prepared, and the foaming temperature window was as wide as 16 °C. The effect of heat treatment temperature and foaming temperature on the crystallization and cell structure was investigated through DSC and SEM. It was found that the high-melting temperature crystals generated during the saturation step significantly improved the cell structure of P(HB-co-HV), since these crystals can enhance the heterogeneous cell nucleation and hinder the cell growth during foaming. The low-melting temperature crystals were formed during foaming. In situ WAXD analysis during heating showed that the high- and low-melting peaks corresponded to HV-unit-excluded and HV-unit-included PHB crystals, respectively.Keywords：P(HB-co-HV);Foaming;Crystallization9|0|0Updated：2025-11-18
- Abstract：Two- and three-component deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AAm), and choline chloride (ChCl) were used to disintegrate bacterial cellulose into cellulose nanofibers (CNF). As a result, polymerizable precursors suitable for 3D printing with CNF as a rheology modifier and reinforcer with formation of interpenetrating double polymer network were obtained after UV curing. Composite hydrogels were formed by replacing ChCl with water. It was found that the introduction of amide groups into the acrylate polymer matrix resulted in an increase in compressive strength. The layered architecture of the 3D printed products provides greater mechanical strength compared to molded products. The structure of the composites was investigated using wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and polarized light microscopy. These studies suggest that the enhanced mechanical properties of the 3D printed hydrogels are associated with swelling and branching of CNF in the DES, as well as alignment of the filler during extrusion. For comparative analysis, composite hydrogels were also prepared using aqueous solutions of AA and AA/AAm with dispersed CNF. However, the 3D printing process was hampered in this case due to cellulose agglomeration. Mechanical testing revealed the formation of premature microcracks in these samples, which were not observed in composites produced using DES. Cytotoxicity of the composite hydrogels was also tested. The results provide valuable insights into the production of strong (up to 3.4 MPa) homogeneous composite hydrogels using 3D printing with nanocellulose filler.Keywords：Cellulose;Hydrogel nanocomposite;3D printing;Deep eutectic solvent;Photopolymerization11|1|0Updated：2025-11-18
- Abstract：Polybutene-1 (PB-1) is a semi-crystalline polymer with excellent mechanical properties. However, its practical application is significantly hindered by the slow Form II-I transition, which can take up to several days to complete. While prior research established that long-chain branching (LCB) structures synthesized via ω-alkenylmethyldichlorosilane copolymerization-hydrolysis (ACH) chemistry markedly accelerate this transition, this work demonstrates that H-shaped LCB structures constructed through copolymerization with 1,9-decadiene exhibit the capability to facilitate Form II-I transition in most systems evaluated herein. However, low branching efficiency concurrently generates extended alkyl pendant chains, which impose pronounced steric-hindrance-driven suppression on the transition kinetics, thereby substantially diminishing the net acceleration effect of the LCB structures, even resulting in a net retardation effect in certain systems. Notably, a significant synergistic acceleration effect emerged between the H-shaped LCB structures and propylene comonomer units. These findings confirm that the H-shaped LCB structures play a role in promoting the Form II-I transformation process, which is independent of the synthetic pathways, thereby providing more strategies for addressing the long-standing processing problems of PB-1.Keywords：Polybutene-1;H-shape long-chain branching;Propylene comonomer;1,9-Decadiene;Form II-I transition7|0|0Updated：2025-11-17
- Abstract：Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) synergize the kinetic merits of alkaline systems, zero-gap configurations and compatibility with non-noble metal catalysts, offering a promising pathway toward green hydrogen production. Nevertheless, practical exploitation was hindered by critical challenges: inferior alkaline stability, insufficient mechanical integrity, and detrimental hydrogen crossover of anion exchange membranes (AEMs), which compromise both device durability and operational safety. Here, we engineered a porous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE)-reinforced poly(arylene quinuclidinium) membrane that enhances AEM mechanical robustness, prevents stress-induced rupture, and suppresses hydrogen crossover during electrolyzer operation. Specifically, the reinforced poly(arylene quinuclidinium) membrane (R-PTPQui) exhibited a tensile strength of 56 MPa and an elongation at break of 55%. Moreover, it effectively reduced hydrogen permeation in the electrolyzer, achieving an extremely low H2-to-O2 (HTO) value of 0.44 vol% at 0.1 A·cm−2. The R-PTPQui-based electrolyzer achieved a high current density of 4.9 A·cm−2 at 2.0 V and a Faradaic efficiency of 98.6% using a non-precious anode catalyst. These advances significantly strength the compatibility of poly(arylene quinuclidinium)-based AEMs for industrial-scale green hydrogen generation.Keywords：Anion exchange membrane;Reinforced composite membrane;Poly(arylene quinuclidinium);Hydrogen crossover;Water electrolysis28|7|0Updated：2025-11-17
- Abstract：An efficient strategy has been developed to reconstruct chain folding and traversing of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) during melt crystallization based on the selective hydrolysis of its amorphous regions. The molecular weights of the pristine PLLA (crystalline part), single stem, and single cluster were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) according to their evolution during alkali hydrolysis. The maximum-folding-number (in a single cluster) and minimum-cluster-number (in one polymer chain) were obtained using these molecular weights. With the help of two numbers, the chain folding and traversing during the melt crystallization process (at 120 °C) of PLLA can be described as follows. Statistically, in a single polymer chain, there are at least 2 clusters consisting of up to 6.5 stems in each of them, while the rest of the polymer chain contributes to amorphous regions. Our results provide a new strategy for the investigation and fundamental understanding of the melt crystallization of PLLA.Keywords：Crystallization;Chain folding;Chain traversing;PLLA;Alkali hydrolysis15|0|0Updated：2025-11-17
- Abstract：Polymers often exhibit multi-state conformational transitions with multiple pathways as temperature varies. However, characterizing the inherent features of these pathways is hindered by the lack of physical characterizations that can distinguish various transition pathways between complex and disordered states. In this work, we introduced a machine-learning framework based on spatiotemporal point-cloud neural networks to identify and analyze conformational transition pathways in polymer chains. As a case study, we applied this framework to the temperature-induced unfolding of a single semi-flexible polymer chain, simulated via coarse-grained molecular dynamics. We first combined spatiotemporal point cloud neural networks and contrastive learning to extract features of conformational evolution, and then we employed unsupervised learning methods to cluster distinct transition pathways and unfolding trajectories. Our results reveal that, with increasing temperature, semi-flexible polymer chains exhibit five distinct unfolding pathways: rigid rod
$ \to $ $ \to $ $ \to $ $ \to $ $ \to $ $ \to $ $ \to $ $ \to $ Keywords：Molecular dynamics simulation;Deep learning;Spatiotemporal point cloud neural networks;Contrastive learning;Conformational transition pathways50|31|0Updated：2025-11-14 - Abstract：Thermophilic proteins maintain their structure and function at high temperatures, making them widely useful in industrial applications. Due to the complexity of experimental measurements, predicting the melting temperature (Tm) of proteins has become a research hotspot. Previous methods rely on amino acid composition, physicochemical properties of proteins, and the optimal growth temperature (OGT) of hosts for Tm prediction. However, their performance in predicting Tm values for thermophilic proteins (Tm>60 °C) are generally unsatisfactory due to data scarcity. Herein, we introduce TmPred, a Tm prediction model for thermophilic proteins, that combines protein language model, graph convolutional network and Graphormer module. For performance evaluation, TmPred achieves a root mean square error (RMSE) of 5.48 °C, a pearson correlation coefficient (P) of 0.784, and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.613, representing improvements of 19%, 15%, and 32%, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art predictive models like DeepTM. Furthermore, TmPred demonstrated strong generalization capability on independent blind test datasets. Overall, TmPred provides an effective tool for the mining and modification of thermophilic proteins by leveraging deep learning.Keywords：Thermophilic protein;Melting point prediction;Deep learning;Protein language model;Graphormer71|21|0Updated：2025-11-14
- Abstract：Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels have garnered significant attention for tissue engineering, wound dressing, and electronic skin sensing applications. However, their poor mechanical performance severely restricts their multifunctional application in many scenarios. To address this limitation, PVA/tannic acid (TA)@carbon nanotubes (PVA/TA@CNTs) composite hydrogels with triple crosslinking networks were prepared through freezing-thawing and the solvent-induced shrinkage method, utilizing tannic acid-carbon nanotubes (TA@CNTs) as reinforcing units and a Ca2+ crosslinking strategy. The enhanced interfacial networks consisting of PVA crystalline domains, hydrogen bonding, and metal coordination endowed the composite hydrogel with a high mechanical strength, excellent flexibility, and fracture toughness, accompanied by a significant increase in crystallinity. The tensile strength and fracture toughness of the composite hydrogel reached up to about 7.0 MPa and 17.0 MJ/m3, which were roughly 8 and 10 times higher than neat PVA hydrogel, respectively. The composite hydrogel demonstrated good cytocompatibility, significantly addressing the challenge of balancing structural reinforcement with biosafety in hydrogels. This methodology establishes a rational design for fabricating mechanically robust yet tough PVA hydrogels for biomedical applications.Keywords：PVA hydrogel;Carbon nanotubes;Triple crosslinking networks;Mechanical performance26|2|0Updated：2025-11-13
- Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09064830号-19
京公网安备11010802024621 - It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
- Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.
0