- Abstract：The efficient and safe delivery of messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics remains a critical challenge for clinical translation, driving the need for advanced carrier design. Ionizable amphiphilic Janus dendrimers (IAJDs) represent a promising class of carriers; however, their structural complexity and limited available datasets hinder systematic exploration and optimization. In this study, we established a tailored machine-learning framework to investigate the structure-function relationships of IAJDs under a constrained data regime (n=231). Conventional molecular fingerprints were found to be suboptimal for representing these macromolecules, motivating the adoption of count-based descriptors and systematic ablation analyses to disentangle the contributions of the substructural features. These experiments identified key functional motifs underlying transfection performance and provided interpretable insights into the IAJD design principles. Complementing these handcrafted descriptors, we further applied deep learning-based molecular embeddings, which captured higher-order chemical semantics and significantly improved predictive accuracy. Collectively, these advances demonstrate that both refined fingerprinting and representation learning approaches can overcome data limitations, enabling the reliable prediction of IAJD activity while offering mechanistic interpretability. This study illustrates the potential of data-driven strategies as hypothesis-generation and prioritization tools for the design of next-generation mRNA delivery systems.Keywords：Janus dendrimer;Machine learning;mRNA delivery;Molecular modeling15|7|0
Updated：2026-03-05 - Abstract：This study aimed to systematically regulate the performance of 4D printing composites by investigating the synergistic effects of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene (MAH-g-PE) on a poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic polyurethane (PLA/TPU) matrix. Specifically, using a 70 wt%/30 wt% PLA/TPU matrix and an L9(32) orthogonal design, composites were evaluated via morphology, shape memory, mechanical tests, and multi-criteria analysis. Moderate DCP enhanced crosslinking, improving storage modulus and thermal stability, while excessive DCP caused brittleness. Furthermore, MAH-g-PE effectively improved interfacial compatibility, and its synergy with DCP was dosage-dependent. Consequently, Sample 5 achieved optimal performance, exhibiting uniform fracture morphology, a shape fixation rate of 98.8% with the fastest recovery, and balanced strength-ductility. Multi-criteria analysis identified elongation at break and recovery time as the top contributing factors, with consistent rankings validated by Spearman analysis (ρ=0.833, p<0.01). In summary, adjusting DCP and MAH-g-PE contents effectively modulates the crosslinking structure and interfacial properties of PLA/TPU composites, providing a viable strategy for developing high-performance, tunable 4D printing materials.Keywords：Shape memory;Poly(lactic acid);Thermoplastic polyurethane;Orthogonal experiment;4D printing8|4|0Updated：2026-03-05
- Abstract：Hydrogels are widely employed in various cutting-edge fields due to their excellent flexibility and tunability. However, hydrogels undergo significant swelling when immersed in seawater or other ionic solutions, leading to a severe decline in their performance. Herein, we develop a composite hydrogel (PAH) with anti-swelling capability in different solution environments, constructed through hydrogen bonding interactions between rigid aramid nanofibers (ANF) and flexible poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The dense three-dimensional skeleton within PAH not only dissipates energy to enhance its strength and toughness but also effectively inhibits water molecule penetration. Even after immersion in different ionic solutions, PAH maintains its structural integrity (equilibrium swelling ratio of only 0.1%), while retaining excellent mechanical properties. This work provides a simple and effective strategy for improving the anti-swelling ability of hydrogels in different solutions, offering insights for broadening the application scope of hydrogels.Keywords：Hydrogel;Anti-swelling;Mechanical properties;High toughness8|4|0Updated：2026-03-05
- Abstract：Near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) show great promise for biomedical applications, but conventional photothermal agents suffer from high cost, complex preparation, or poor biocompatibility, while lignin-based alternatives exhibit insufficient photothermal conversion efficiency. Herein, we developed a novel strategy to enhance photothermal performance of lignin through sequential demethylation modification and Fe3+ complexation for constructing NIR light responsive SMPs. Dealkaline lignin (DL) was first demethylated using iodocyclohexane to produce demethylated lignin (DDL) with increased catechol content, which was then incorporated into polycaprolactone-based polyurethane synthesis followed by Fe3+ complexation. Results showed that DDL-Fe3+ complexes have significantly enhanced photothermal conversion performance, and the resulting PU-DDL+Fe3+ polyurethane with 0.5 wt% DDL content demonstrated a temperature increases of 39.8 °C under 0.33 W·cm–2 808 nm NIR irradiation. This excellent photothermal performance enables the shape-fixed PU-DDL+Fe3+ polyurethane to rapidly recover to its initial shape under NIR light irradiation. Additionally, PU-DDL+Fe3+ polyurethane exhibits good mechanical properties and biocompatibility, demonstrating significant biomedical application potential.Keywords：Lignin;Polyurethane;Shape memory polymers;NIR light responsive;Polycaprolactone5|0|0Updated：2026-03-05
- Abstract：One of the most significant challenges in commercializing organic second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials lies in the inherent trade-off between nonlinearity and stability. A key factor in mitigating this compromise is achieving precise temporal synchronization between the formation of the cross-linked network and the establishment of an optimal non-centrosymmetric alignment of the chromophores. Guided by this principle, we developed a series of NLO polymers incorporating multiple ether chains with low rotational energy barriers, which facilitate molecular reorientation during electric field poling, thereby enhancing the NLO response effectively. Combined with an optimized photo-crosslinking strategy, the resulting PX4o/PETMP doped film achieved large macroscopic NLO coefficient of 190 pm·V−1 and thermal degradation temperature as high as 120 °C. This work offers a universal approach to alleviating the “nonlinearity-stability” trade-off in a wide range of polymeric systems.Keywords：Second-order nonlinear optical effect;Thermostability;"Nonlinearity-stability" trade-off;Photo-crosslinking14|11|0Updated：2026-03-03
- Abstract：Developing eco-friendly natural polymer-based room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials with color-tunability and flexibility remains a crucial yet challenging task. Here, we fabricate a sustainable multicolor-tunable and flexible RTP system based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC). p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is doped into NaCMC matrix to facilely construct NaCMC/PABA composites. The rigid hydrogen-bonding networks formed between NaCMC and PABA significantly suppress molecular vibration and non-radiative decay, resulting in an ultralong RTP lifetime of up to 1263 ms and a bright blue afterglow lasting 11 s. By incorporating commercial fluorescent dyes fluorescein (FL), calcein (CAL), and lisamine rhodamine B (LRB) as energy acceptors into the NaCMC/PABA donor matrix, multicolor long-afterglow emissions are realized in the long-wavelength region via triplet-to-singlet Förster resonance energy transfer (TS-FRET). Moreover, large-area, multicolor and flexible NaCMC-based RTP films with excellent mechanical properties are conveniently fabricated by a doping-coating-drying approach. The developed multicolor and flexible NaCMC-based RTP materials are successfully used for advanced information encryption. This work provides a direction for developing sustainable, multicolor-tunable, and flexible natural polymer-based RTP materials.Keywords：Room temperature phosphorescence;Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose;Multicolor afterglow;Large-area flexible film11|8|0Updated：2026-03-03
- Abstract：Multiresponsive hydrogels, capable of responding to more than one external stimulus, have demonstrated great utility in biomedical applications. This study presents a facile method for preparing an injectable, dual redox/pH-responsive hydrogel system based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) for the controlled delivery of pharmacologically active bevacizumab (BEV). The hydrogel system was fabricated via a one-step physical crosslinking process by mixing PEDOT:PSS with BEV, leveraging electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and ionic crosslinking. The resulting PEDOT@BEV system exhibited a homogeneously porous structure, robust mechanical stability, and good biocompatibility. Under acidic (pH=5) or alkaline (pH=10) conditions, especially when coupled with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, the as-prepared PEDOT@BEV achieved rapid BEV release. This may be attributed to PEDOT oxidation and charge repulsion. In contrast, BEV release remained stable under physiological conditions (pH=7.4, 0 mmol/L H2O2). In vitro results supported that the resulting PEDOT@BEV demonstrated potent anti-angiogenic efficacy, significantly inhibiting cellular migration and tube formation of human retinal vascular endothelial cells (HRVECs). The vascular endothelial growth factor expression was further reduced. In a mouse model of corneal neovascularization, the PEDOT@BEV system enabled the continuous controlled release of BEV for over 14 days. It exhibited superior anti-angiogenic efficacy compared to free BEV treatment, more effectively reducing neovascularization and corneal inflammation. The designed platform in this work demonstrated versatility by successfully incorporating other therapeutic antibodies (e.g., rituximab, trastuzumab), highlighting its potential for tailored drug delivery in oncology and neovascular diseases. The outcome of this study offers a promising strategy for spatiotemporally controlled drug release in response to specific microenvironmental cues.Keywords：Dual-responsive hydrogel;PEDOT:PSS;Bevacizumab;Anti-angiogenesis;Controlled drug delivery11|9|0Updated：2026-03-03
- Abstract：The development of synthetic hybrid biological systems integrating photosynthetic organisms with organic-abiotic functional materials holds significant promise for enhancing photosynthetic processes. The artificial regulation of the state transition between photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) represents a strategic and promising approach for improving the efficiency of natural photosynthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that poly(benzimidazolium-phenylthiophene) (CP4) featuring a flexible cationic backbone exhibits superior ultraviolet light-harvesting capability. The polymer CP4 enhanced PSI activity in Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa), subsequently promoting PSII activity and augmenting overall photosynthetic performance. During light-dependent reactions, CP4 significantly accelerated photosynthetic electron transfer, resulting in a 330% increase in the production of oxygen and 93% and 96% increases in the ATP and NADPH contents, respectively. In the context of dark reactions, CP4 facilitated the conversion and utilization of light energy, leading to a 6% increase in both carbohydrate and protein contents. These findings indicate that synthetic light-harvesting polymer materials exhibit considerable application potential in the field of biomass production through enhancement of natural photosynthetic efficiency.Keywords：Conjugated polymers;Cationic polymer backbone;Light-harvesting;Enhanced photosynthesis7|0|0Updated：2026-03-03
- Abstract：Integrating inorganic fillers into polymer-based 3D printing filaments is an effective strategy for improving thermal conduction but often compromises mechanical properties. In this study, we introduced electrospun polymer nanofibers (NF) into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filaments alongside a ceramic filler, boron nitride (BN). By combining these organic (NF) and inorganic (BN) fillers, we created a dual-filler filament (TPU/BN/NF) that exhibited enhanced thermal conduction pathways without sacrificing the mechanical strength and electrical insulation. Comprehensive characterization demonstrated that BN improved heat transport, while a small fraction of electrospun NF effectively modulated the tensile modulus and partially recovered the strength lost upon BN addition. Finite element simulations further elucidated the influence of the nanofiber content, orientation, and length-to-diameter ratio on the mechanical performance. Notably, the dual-filler filaments retained good printability in standard fused deposition modeling (FDM) systems at optimized temperatures (about 210 °C). These findings offer a scalable approach for engineer multifunctional 3D printing filaments for 3D-printed thermal management products that require both thermal conduction performance and high insulation.Keywords：3D printing;Dual-filler strategy;Thermal management;Nanofiber6|4|0Updated：2026-03-03
- Abstract：Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) polymers have been extensively studied; however, the integration of AIE units into polyelectrolytes remains largely limited by the laborious multistep synthesis of pre-designed emissive monomers. Herein, we report a one-pot multicomponent polymerization method that directly produces main-chain charged polyelectrolytes with intrinsic AIE characteristics from non-emissive building blocks. By optimizing the monomer structures and reaction conditions, a series of soluble high-molecular-weight polymers with well-defined backbones were obtained in high yields. The resulting polyelectrolytes displayed robust AIE behavior, exhibiting fluorescence enhancement up to about 60-fold in an aqueous environment, and maintained excellent thermal stability. Owing to their cationic backbones, these polymers interact strongly with microbial surfaces and exhibit remarkable antimicrobial activities. This study establishes a synthetically efficient route to AIE polyelectrolytes and highlights their potential applications as multifunctional materials for bioimaging, antimicrobial therapy, and other applications.Keywords：multicomponent polymerization;Aggregation-induced emission;Polyelectrolyte;Antibacterial7|3|0Updated：2026-03-03
- Abstract：A polylactide (PLA) blend with simultaneous enhancement of strength, toughness, and heat resistance was successfully achieved by adding biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and uniaxial pre-stretching. The effects of the PPC content (0 wt%–50 wt%) on the phase morphology and performance of the blends before and after pre-stretching were systematically investigated. Blending PPC initially reduced the strength, modulus, and heat resistance, but pre-stretching significantly enhanced these properties. In blends containing ≤30 wt% PPC, where PPC formed a well-dispersed island-like phase within the PLA matrix, pre-stretching simultaneously enhanced strength, toughness, and heat resistance. The optimized pre-stretched 70/30 PLA/PPC (ps-70/30) blend achieved exceptional performance: tensile strength increased from 66.9 MPa to 84.5 MPa, elongation at break dramatically improved from 6.8% to 115.1%, impact strength reached 55.1 kJ/m2 (far exceeding neat PLA’s 3.5 kJ/m2), and Vicat softening temperature (VST) increased by 60.6% to 101.8 °C. Notably, the ps-70/30 blend retained excellent mechanical properties even after six months of aging. These improvements were attributed to the synergistic effects of the PPC incorporation and pre-stretching. PPC not only promoted the high orientation of the PLA molecular chains but also facilitated the formation of a stable crystalline phase during pre-stretching, thereby enhancing both the mechanical properties and heat resistance. However, when the PPC content exceeded 30 wt%, phase inversion occurred, resulting in a continuous amorphous PPC phase that degraded the overall performance. This study demonstrated that a combination of controlled PPC incorporation and pre-stretching can effectively overcome PLA’s brittleness of PLA while improving its heat resistance, offering a promising strategy for developing high-performance, fully biodegradable PLA materials suitable for industrial applications.Keywords：Polylactide blends;Phase structure;Pre-stretching;Toughness;Heat resistance6|4|0Updated：2026-03-03
- Abstract：Carbazole derivatives with a single phosphonic acid (PA) group are widely used as monolayer interfaces in perovskites and organic solar cells (OSCs). However, their hydrophilic nature renders ITO electrodes hydrophobic, limiting further applications. In this study, a novel carbazole-based compound functionalized with two PA groups, denoted 2PACz-D1, was designed to create a dual hydrophilic interface. This configuration enables the formation of a bilayer hole-transporting layer (HTL). Specifically, one PA group anchors to the ITO electrode, while the other generates a secondary hydrophilic surface. This allows the subsequent deposition of hydrophilic PEDOT:PSS, forming a protective bilayer HTL that shields ITO from corrosive acidic polymers. The OSCs incorporating this bilayer HTL achieved a power conversion efficiency of 19.44% and exhibited improved thermal stability compared to devices with a single HTL. This work demonstrates the potential of bis-PA carbazole derivatives for tailoring the HTL surface properties, offering promising opportunities for various organic electronic devices.Keywords：Organic solar cells;Hole-transporting layer;Hydrophilic interface;Self-assembly monolayer;Power conversion efficiency42|72|0Updated：2026-02-13
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Plasticizer Enhanced Chain Orientation and Dynamics for Printed Stretchable Conjugated Polymer Films
Abstract：The scalable fabrication of stretchable conjugated polymer films via solution printing is essential for their practical application in large-area wearable electronics. However, the printed conjugated polymer films typically exhibit high crystallinity, limiting their mechanical deformability. Herein, we propose a plasticizer-assisted printing strategy to simultaneously enhance the stretchability and electrical performance of films based on the conjugated polymer poly(3-(5-(5-methylselenophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-6-(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)-2,5-bis(4-octyltetradecyl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione) (P(TDPP-Se)). The incorporation of a plasticizer trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM) promotes P(TDPP-Se) aggregation in initial solution, facilitates chain alignment under flow field, and shorten solidification process, thereby restricting randomly polymer crystallization. Consequently, a low-crystallinity film with favorable edge-on orientation, strong chain alignment and improved chain dynamics is realized, which effectively alleviates crystallites fragmentation and crack propagation under large strain. The TOTM-plasticized film exhibits approximately 2-fold improvements in fracture strain and charge mobility, along with superior mobility retention under 100% strain in comparison to the neat film. This study provides a feasible approach for microstructure control in printed stretchable conjugated polymer film.Keywords：Stretchable conjugated polymer films;Solution printing;Film microstructures;Plasticizer;Charge mobility31|47|0Updated：2026-02-09 - Abstract：Efficient photo-patterning of polymer semiconductors with cross-linkers has emerged as a promising route to fabricate organic integrated circuits via all-solution processing techniques. Herein, we report a new four-armed diazo-based oligomer photo-crosslinker 2DPP4N
2 for the patterning of semiconducting polymers by UV light-induced crossing-linking reaction. After blending 2DPP4N2 with polymer semiconductors such as PDPP4T (p-type), PDPP3T (ambipolar) and N2200 (n-type), we prepared various patterns with a resolution of 6 μm by irradiating through a photo-mask with 254 nm UV light for 160 s. Notably, the interchain packing and surface morphology remained nearly unchanged after photo-patterning, as characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). Consequently, the charge transport property of the patterned thin film was largely maintained in comparison to that of its pristine thin film. These results reveal that 2DPP4N2 is a viable and promising candidate for application in all-solution-processable flexible integrated electronic devices.Keywords：Photo-crosslinker;Diazo;Photo-patterning;Polymer semiconductor43|21|0Updated：2026-02-05 - Abstract：Damping polymers relying on significant internal friction in glass transition regions can suppress vibrations and noise; however, these materials generally exhibit a narrow damping breadth and severe mechanical instability. Natural damping tissues such as the skin and cartilage achieve high energy dissipation through the combination of viscous fluid and a 3D elastic skeleton. This binary structure inspired a high energy dissipation gel design strategy using synergistic viscoelastic scheme of confined chains and host network. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in bio-inspired damping polymer gels. The structural designs and their corresponding performances are elucidated in this review. We anticipate that this review will motivate further exploration of design and applications of damping polymers.Keywords：Energy dissipation;Damping materials;Viscoelastic;Polymer fluid gel82|41|0Updated：2026-02-04
- Abstract：The increasing demand for flexible displays and wearable electronics has driven extensive efforts to develop stretchable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). A critical challenge in this field is the creation of emissive layers that combine high efficiency with mechanical robustness. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have attracted significant attention as third-generation emitters capable of achieving 100% internal quantum efficiency; however, their application in stretchable OLEDs has been limited. In this study, we propose an elastomer doping strategy. Polyurethane (PU) is incorporated into TADF polymers to improve their mechanical flexibility while maintaining a high luminescent efficiency. The resulting composite films exhibited excellent TADF characteristics and remarkable stretchability (75%). OLEDs fabricated from these materials achieved a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 14.26% and a peak luminance of 73570 cd·m–2, with the PU-doped devices showing a significantly suppressed efficiency roll-off. Additionally, a fully stretchable OLED architecture was designed and operated under tensile strain to maintain stable electroluminescent performance. These results demonstrate that elastomer doping is an effective strategy for balancing the mechanical compliance with optoelectronic performance, offering a promising pathway for the development of high-performance stretchable OLEDs for flexible electronics.Keywords：Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF);Elastomer doping;Stretchable OLEDs;Polyurethane (PU);Flexible electronics29|28|0Updated：2026-02-03
- Abstract：Compared to mechanical rheology, micro-rheology (µR) can probe the viscoelasticity of soft matter non-invasively with spatial resolution and broad temporal coverage; however, the measurement quality is undermined by interference from the structural and dynamic inhomogeneity of the tested media. Herein, gold nanorods are dispersed in tested media as tracer particles, and their diffusive dynamics are monitored by depolarized dynamic light scattering for the analysis of the rheological properties of the tested media, as the rotational/translational dynamics of tracers can be converted to shear modulus via the generalized Stokes-Einstein relation. Because of their strong optical scattering to the laser and the polarization of incident light, the contrast in the dynamics of gold nanorods over the media can be enhanced, rendering the fast and accurate measurement of rheological properties. The method was verified for applications in broad types of substrates, including ergodic systems such as polymer solutions, silica suspensions, non-ergodic gel systems, and biological fluids such as plasma. The critical experimental parameters, for example, tracer size and scattering angle range, are studied for their impact on the measurement quality, and they can be systematically optimized for feasible and practical applications of the developed µR method.Keywords：Depolarized dynamic light scattering;Micro-rheology;Nanorod;Gels;Rotational dynamics53|5|0Updated：2026-01-20
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- Abstract：The cross-linked structure plays a decisive role in determining the mechanical properties of polymer materials. Although various supramolecular polymer networks (SPNs) based on noncovalent bonds have been developed, few studies have focused on constructing SPNs through dual host-guest interactions between macro- and small-molecular building blocks. Herein, we utilized these building blocks to prepare SPNs aimed at addressing this gap. Specifically, the supramolecular polymer network SPN-EF was prepared through crown ether and pillararene-based dual host-guest interactions. Compared to the control systems SPN-AC and SPN-BD, which incorporate only single type of host-guest interaction (based on either crown ether or pillararene), the SPN-EF integrate the advantages of both systems, exhibiting balanced and enhanced mechanical properties. Moreover, the resulting SPN gels retain significant dynamic properties, including excellent self-healing capability and stimuli-responsiveness.Keywords：Supramolecular polymer network;Double host-guest interactions;Stimuli-responsiveness44|75|0Updated：2026-01-16
- Abstract：This study focuses on the development and optimization of electrode materials composed of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) integrated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for lithium-ion battery applications. The findings reveal that incorporating CNTs into COFs markedly enhances their electrochemical performance by reducing charge transfer resistance and accelerating charge transport kinetics. Impressively, the COFs/CNT composites delivered a high specific capacity of 307 mAh·g–1 at a low current density of 0.05 A·g–1 and maintained strong capacity retention even at elevated current densities. Furthermore, the composites demonstrated outstanding cycling stability and structural robustness, retaining significant capacity after 1000 charge/discharge cycles.Keywords：Lithium-ion storage;Cathode materials;Covalent organic frameworks;Two-dimensional materials63|64|0Updated：2026-01-07
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