Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing of Hydrogel Bioelectronics

Yu Xue; Fu-Cheng Wang; Qiao-Bo Wang; Liang-Jie Shan; Hui Li; Ji Liu

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3570-4

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Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing of Hydrogel Bioelectronics

Special Topic: Functional Gels | Updated：2026-05-30

- Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing of Hydrogel Bioelectronics
- Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing of Hydrogel Bioelectronics
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2026年44卷第6期页码：1667-1680
- Affiliations：
  
  a.Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
  b.Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Author bio：
  
  liuj9@sustech.edu.cn
- Funds：
  
  This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52373139 and U2436202), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (Nos. 20252BAC200300 and 20252BEJ730346), and a research startup grant (No. 2024BSQD15) from Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University.;Ji Liu is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Liege (Belgium) and University of Bordeaux (France). Prior to joining SUSTech, he conducted post-doc research in the University of Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School. His research interests include the design and fabrication of functional hydrogels and hydrogel-based electronics for biointerfaces.The authors declare no interest conflict.
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3570-4
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2025-12-18，
  
  录用：2026-01-12，
  
  网络首发：2026-05-20，
  
  纸质出版：2026-06-05
- Accepted：
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Xue, Y.; Wang, F. C.; Wang, Q. B.; Shan, L. J.; Li, H.; Liu, J. Direct ink writing 3D printing of hydrogel bioelectronics. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1667–1680

Yu Xue, Fu-Cheng Wang, Qiao-Bo Wang, et al. Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing of Hydrogel Bioelectronics[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(6): 1667-1680.
Xue, Y.; Wang, F. C.; Wang, Q. B.; Shan, L. J.; Li, H.; Liu, J. Direct ink writing 3D printing of hydrogel bioelectronics. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1667–1680 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3570-4.

Yu Xue, Fu-Cheng Wang, Qiao-Bo Wang, et al. Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing of Hydrogel Bioelectronics[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(6): 1667-1680. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3570-4.

摘要

Direct-ink-writing 3D printing provides a versatile platform for fabricating advancedhydrogel bioelectronics. This review outlines recent advances

beginning with hydrogel ink design that balances printability and functionality through rheology

conductivity

adhesion

and biocompatibility. It subsequently emphasizes their application in state-of-the-art bioelectronics

highlighting their advantages in electrophysiological recording

stimulation

andbiosensing.

Abstract

Direct-ink-writing (DIW) 3D printing has emerged as an indispensable advanced manufacturing technology in biomedical engineering owing to its material compatibility

structural precision

and multimaterial integration capabilities. By digitally programming hydrogel ink deposition

DIW 3D printing enables the controllable fabrication of high-performance hydrogel bioelec

tronic devices featuring complex 3D architectures

high-fidelity electrophysiological recording/stimulation

and mechanical compliance with soft tissues

thereby establishing a technological foundation for next-generation personalized medical electronics. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress in DIW-printed hydrogel bioelectronics

first elaborating design strategies for hydrogel inks that reconcile printability with functionality through synergistic engineering of rheological behavior

electrical conductivity

tissue adhesion

and biocompatibility. We comprehensively analyzed state-of-the-art wearable and implantable devices fabricated

via

DIW 3D printing

highlighting their advantages in electrophysiological monitoring

precision stimulation

and biosensing. Finally

we conclude by critically evaluating the current challenges and future directions

thereby establishing a framework for DIW 3D printing to become a foundational platform for customized biointegrated interfaces.

关键词

Keywords

references

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