Impact of Composite Preservation System on the Vulcanization Performance of Natural Rubber Latex

Li-Guang Zhao; Yi-Qun Liu; Min-Min Chen; Jian-Wei Li; Tuo Dai; Shao-Xiang Ye; Wei-Qiang Liu; Tao Zhao; Hong-Xing Gui; Zhen-Xiang Xin

doi:10.1007/s10118-025-3374-y

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Impact of Composite Preservation System on the Vulcanization Performance of Natural Rubber Latex

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2025-08-25

- Impact of Composite Preservation System on the Vulcanization Performance of Natural Rubber Latex
- Impact of Composite Preservation System on the Vulcanization Performance of Natural Rubber Latex
- 高分子科学（英文） 2025年43卷第9期页码：1638-1650
- Affiliations：
  
  a.College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
  b.Hainan Natural Rubber Technology Innovation Center, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
  c.Sanya Institute of Quality and Technology Supervision of Hainan Province, Sanya 572099, China
- Author bio：
  
  guihongxing@263.net (H.X.G.)
  xzx@qust.edu.cn (Z.X.X.)
- Funds：
  
  We would like to thank the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China and the Department of Science and Technology of the Hainan Province for their support. This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFD2301201), Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund (No. ZDYF2024XDNY284), and Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (No. CARS-33-JG1).
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-025-3374-y
  中图分类号：
- 收稿日期：2025-02-16，
  
  修回日期：2025-04-24，
  
  录用日期：2025-05-02，
  
  网络出版日期：2025-06-18，
  
  纸质出版日期：2025-09-05
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Zhao, L. G.; Liu, Y. Q.; Chen, M. M.; Li, J. W.; Dai, T.; Ye, S. X.; Liu, W. Q.; Zhao, T.; Gui, H. X.; Xin, Z. X. Impact of composite preservation system on the vulcanization performance of natural rubber latex. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025, 43, 1638–1650

Li-Guang Zhao, Yi-Qun Liu, Min-Min Chen, et al. Impact of Composite Preservation System on the Vulcanization Performance of Natural Rubber Latex[J]. Chinese journal of polymer science, 2025, 43(9): 1638-1650.
Zhao, L. G.; Liu, Y. Q.; Chen, M. M.; Li, J. W.; Dai, T.; Ye, S. X.; Liu, W. Q.; Zhao, T.; Gui, H. X.; Xin, Z. X. Impact of composite preservation system on the vulcanization performance of natural rubber latex. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025, 43, 1638–1650 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-025-3374-y.

Li-Guang Zhao, Yi-Qun Liu, Min-Min Chen, et al. Impact of Composite Preservation System on the Vulcanization Performance of Natural Rubber Latex[J]. Chinese journal of polymer science, 2025, 43(9): 1638-1650. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-025-3374-y.

摘要

The thioacetamide derivative composite preservation system significantly enhances the vulcanization efficiency and mechanical properties of NR latex. Compared to 2-imidazolidinethione and 3-hydroxypyridine

it demonstrates superior performance in promoting crosslinking density and mechanical strength

suggesting that the thioamide and pyridine groups work synergistically to facilitate the vulcanization of NR.

Abstract

The thioacetamide derivative (TD)-composite preservation system (TDCPS) exhibits superior preservation effects on natural rubber latex (NRL) and significantly enhances its vulcanization efficiency and mechanical properties. This study primarily investigated the principal chemical groups and mechanism of action of TDCPS in promoting NRL vulcanization through a comparative analysis. The results indicated that the key functional groups (thioamide and pyridine) in TDCPS synergistically accelerated crosslinking

reducing the vulcanization time by 41.18% compared to the high-ammonia (HA) preservation system. At an optimal TDCPS dosage of 5 mmol·L

–1

vulcanized films achieved a tensile strength of 34.18 MPa

with a sulfur content of 1.5 phr further improving the strength by 42.26%. TD outperformed the conventional accelerators 2-imidazolidinet

hione (ETU) and 3-hydroxypyridine (3-Hp) in promoting the crosslinking density and mechanical performance while eliminating ammonia-related environmental risks. This eco-friendly system demonstrates the industrial potential for sustainable rubber production.

关键词

Keywords

references

Loykulnant, S.; Kongkaew, C.; Chaikumpollert, O.; Sanguanthammarong, P.; Na Ubol, P.; Suchiva, K. Study of chitosan and its derivatives as preservatives for field natural rubber latex. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012 , 123 , 913−921..

Taysum, D. H. The numbers and growth rates of the bacteria in Hevea latex, ammoniated field latex and ammoniated latex concentrate. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1958 , 21 , 161−173..

[Chaikumpollert, O.; Loykulnant, S.; Kongkaew, C. A novel preservative system for natural rubber latex. In Proceedings of the 10 th Pacific Polymer Conference , Kobe, Japan, 4–7 December 2007 ..

[John, C. K. Composite preservation system for hevea latex. in Proceedings of the International Rubber Conference In CRC Press , Kuala Lumpur, 1975 , 339–357..

Masia, B.; Yang, M.; Cozzani, V. Risk assessment of ammonia fueled ships: consequences on human health of ammonia releases from damaged fuel storage tanks. ACS Chem. Health Saf. 2024 , 31 , 503−520..

Afreen, S.; Haque, K.R.; Huda, M.K. Troubleshooting for the observed problems in processing latex concentrate from natural resource. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2013 , 16 , 012007..

Wang, T.; Gui, H. X.; Zhang, W. F.; Zhang, K. X.; Yu, W. Q. Novel non-ammonia preservative for concentrated natural rubber latex. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132 , 4763−4768..

Rojruthai, P. The use of 1, 2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) in preparation of low-ammonia and zinc-free natural rubber latex concentrate. J. Rubber Res. 2021 , 24 , 783−795..

Zhao, L. G.; Gui, H. X.; Ding, L. Properties of ammonia-free concentrated NR latex preserved with N,N '-methylene-bis-morpholine. Rubber Chem. Technol. 2023 , 96 , 162−174..

[Liguang, Z.; Ruishen, F.; Peng, L. Impact of N,N '-methylene-bis-morpholine on the preservation of natural rubber latex. Int. J. Polym. Sci . 2023 , 5194052..

Zhao, L.; DING L.; Zhao, L. Preservative effect of thione derivatives ls on natural rubber latex. Chin. J. Trop. Crops 2024 , 45 , 144−153..

Zhao, L.; Xing, P.; Zhao, L.; Yang, Q.; Song, Y.; Ding, L.; Gui, H. Optimization study of a high-efficiency preservative for ammonia-free concentrated natural rubber latex. Polymers 2025 , 17 , 188..

Hu, R.; Zhao, S.; Chen, F.; Shangguan, Y. Effect of sacrifi cial bond on molecular dynamics and rheological behavior of hybrid butadiene-styrene-vinylpyridine rubber vulcanizates with reversible sacrificial network. J. Polym. Sci. 2022 , 60 , E1−E12..

Kurien, M.; Susamma, A. P.; Kuriakose, A. P. Amidino thiourea as a secondary accelerator in the sulphur vulcanization of natural rubber containing fillers. Prog. Rubber Plast. Recycl. Technol. 2004 , 20 , 133−161..

Yang, S. Y.; Jia, Z. X.; Liu, L.; Fu, W. W.; Jia, D. M.; Luo, Y. F. Insight into vulcanization mechanism of novel binary accelerators for natural rubber. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 32 , 1077−1085..

[Tang, Z.; Huang, J.; Guo, B.; Zhang, L.; Liu, F. Bioinspired engineering of sacrificial metal–ligand bonds into elastomers with supramechanical performance and adaptive recovery. Macromolecules 2 016 , 49 , 1781−1789..

Liu, X. X.; He, M. F.; Luo, M. C.; Wei, Y. C.; Liao, S. The role of natural rubber endogenous proteins in promoting the formation of vulcanization networks. e-Polymers 2022 , 22 , 445−453..

Nun-anan, P.; Wisunthorn, S.; Pichaiyut, S.; Nathaworn, C. D.; Nakason, C. Influence of nonrubber components on properties of unvulcanized natural rubber. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2020 , 31 , 44−59..

Nardelli, F.; Calucci, L.; Carignani, E.; Borsacchi, S.; Cettolin, M.; Arimondi, M.; Martini, F. Influence of sulfur-curing conditions on the dynamics and crosslinking of rubber networks: A time-domain NMR study. Polymers 2022 , 14 , 767..

Lemmi, T. S.; Barburski, M.; Kabzinski, A.; Frukacz, K. Effect of vulcanization process parameters on the tensile strength of carcass of textile-rubber reinforced conveyor belts. Materials 2021 , 14 , 7552..

Chen, M.; Zhou, Y.; Shen, Z.; Liu, J.; Gao, R.; Li, X.; Li, F. A crosslinking kinetic model considering reversion effect with verification and its application in thick rubber vulcanization process. Polymer 2023 , 287 , 126443..

Zhao, F.; Wu, C.; Shi, X. Influence of accelerator content on cure kinetics of sulfur-vulcanized natural rubber. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B: Phys. 2010 , 50 , 398−405..

De, L. D. R.; Rocha, E. B. D.; Sousa, A. M. F.; Costa, A. C. A.; Furtado, C. R. G. Effect of vulcanization systems on the properties of natural rubber latex films. Polym. Bull. 2021 , 78 , 3943−3957..

Du, P.; Wang, X.; Tuo, J.; Wang, Y. Research on the effect of vulcanizing agent and vulcanizing process on the properties of sealing gasket. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2019 , 1213 , 052031..

[Kamoun, M.; Nassour, A.; Michael, N. The effect of novel binary accelerator system on properties of vulcanized natural rubber. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng . 2009 , 916467..

Alam, M. N.; Mandal, S. K.; Debnath, S. C. Bis( N -benzyl piperazino) thiuram disulfide and dibenzothiazyl disulfide as synergistic safe accelerators in the vulcanization of natural rubber. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012 , 126 , 1830−1836..

Wang, M.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, S.; You, G.; Wu, S. Influencing factors for vulcanization induction period of accelerator/natural rubber composites: molecular simulation and experimental study. Polym. Test. 2019 , 80 , 106145..

Samarasinghe, I. H. K.; Walpalage, S.; Edirisinghe, D. G.; Egodage, S. M. Study on sulfur vulcanized natural rubber formulated with nitrosamine safe diisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide/tertiary butyl benzothiazole sulphenamide binary accelerator system. Prog. Rubber Plast. Recycl. Technol. 2021 , 37 , 190−202..

He, Z.; Li, Y.; Liu, C.; Yang, J.; Qian, M.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, X. Turning lignin into treasure: an innovative filler comparable to commercial carbon black for the green development of the rubber industry. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022 , 218 , 891−899..

Wiśniewska, P.; Haponiuk, J. T.; Colom, X.; Saeb, M. R. Green approaches in rubber recycling technologies: present status and future perspective. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2023 , 11 , 8706−8726..

Boonmahitthisud, A.; Boonkerd, K. Sustainable development of natural rubber and its environmentally friendly composites. Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem. 2021 , 28 , 100446..

[Berry, K. The quest for a safer accelerator for polychloroprene rubber. Thesis, Aston University, 2014 .

[Zhong, B.; Jia, Z.; Luo, Y.; Jia, D. A method to improve the mechanical performance of styrene-butadiene rubber via vulcanization accelerator modified silica. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2015 , 117 , 46−53..

[Zhang, J.; Huang, S.; Kong, L. Unveiling the Hierarchical Microstructure of Prevulcanized Natural Rubber Latex Film and Its Impact on Mechanical Properties. Macromolecules . 2024 , 57 , 11727−11737..

Dyatlov, I. Y.; Trufanova, N. M. A three-parameter equation for describing vulcanization curves. Russ. Electr. Eng 2020 , 91 , 681−685..

Najipoor, M.; Haroonabadi, L.; Dashti, A. Assessment of failures of nitrile rubber vulcanizates in rapid gas decompression (RGD) testing: effect of physico-mechanical properties. Polym. Test. 2018 , 72 , 377−385..

Chen, H.; Mu, B.; Chen, N.; Ma, Q.; Xu, Y. The effect of temperature and vulcanisation time on the thermal and mechanica l properties of rubber used in tires. Plast. Rubber Compos. 2023 , 52 , 304−313..

Guo, J.; Li, Z.; Zhang, X. Effect of curing systems on vulcanization, mechanical properties, and stress softening of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber vulcanizates. J. Elastomers Plast. 2017 , 49 , 243−257..

[Charoeythornkhajhornchai, P.; Samthong, C.; Somwangthanaroj, A. Influence of sulfenamide accelerators on cure kinetics and properties of natural rubber foam. J. Appl. Polym. Sci . 2017 , 134 , 44822..

[Helaly, F. M.; Koriem, A. A.; Salem, S. R.; El-Sawy, S. M. Abdel-Mohdy, F. A.; Khalaf, A. I. Synergistic effect of a new binary accelerator system on curing characteristics and properties of styrene–butadiene rubber vulcanizates. Iran. Polym. J . 2024 , 33 , 1737−1749..

Thi Thuong, N.; Trung Nghia, P.; Kawahara, S. Factors influencing green strength of commercial natural rubber. Green Process. Synth. 2018 , 7 , 399−403..

Ortega, L.; Cerveny, S.; Sill, C.; Isitman, N. A.; Rodriguez-Garraza, A. L.; Meyer, M.; Schwartz, G. A. The effect of vulcanization additives on the dielectric response of styrene-butadiene rubber compounds. Polymer 2019 , 172 , 205−212..

Zhao, C.; He, B.; Chen, X. Influence of curing agent amount on properties of dynamic vulcanized phenyl silicone rubber-SEBS-SBS system. Polymers 2022 , 14 , 5443..

Rajan, V. V.; Dierkes, W. K.; Joseph, R.; Noordermeer, J. W. Effect of diphenyldisulfides with different substituents on the reclamation of NR based latex products. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007 , 104 , 3562−3580..

Loo, C. T. High temperature vulcanization of elastomers: 2. Network structures in conventional sulphenamide-sulphur natural rubber vulcanizates. Polymer 1974 , 15 , 357−365..

[Keya, K. N.; Li, Z.; Xu, L.; Xia, W. Exploring Cross-link density and additive effects on mechanical and morphological behaviors of cross-linked polymers. Macromol. Mater. Eng . 2025 , 310 , 202400383..

Boonkerd, K.; Deeprasertkul, C.; Boonsomwong, K. Effect of sulfur to accelerator ratio on crosslink structure, reversion, and strength in natural rubber. Rubber Chem. Technol. 2016 , 89 , 450−464..

[Pusca, A.; Bobancu, S.; Duta, A. Mechanical properties of rubber-an overview. In Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series I-Engineering Sciences . 2010 , 107-114..

He, J.; Huang, B.; Wang, L.; Cai, Z.; Zhang, J.; Feng, J. Enhancing natural rubber tearing strength by mixing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene short fibers. Polymers 2023 , 15 , 1768..

Sae-oui, P.; Sirisinha, C.; Thepsuwan, U.; Thapthong, P. Influence of accelerator type on properties of NR/EPDM blends. Polym. Test. 2007 , 26 , 1062−1067..

Aprem, A. S.; Joseph, K.; Thomas, S. Recent developments in crosslinking of elastomers. Rubber Chem. Technol. 2005 , 78 , 458−488..

Kim, D. Y.; Park, J. W.; Lee, D. Y.; Seo, K. H. Correlation between the crosslink characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber compound via accelerators and reinforcement. Polymers 2020 , 12 , 2020..

Huang, S. Q.; Zhang, J. Q.; Zhu, Y.; Kong, L. M.; Liao, L. S.; Zhang, F. Q.; Wu, J. R. Revealing the structure-property difference of natural rubber prepared by different methods: protein and gel content are key factors. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2024 , 42 , 457−467..

Huang, S.; Zhang, J.; Kong, L.; Li,W.; Xie, Z. T.; Wu, J. Fully biosourced, vulcanization-free, and thermal-responsive natural rubber material. Macromolecules 2024 , 57 , 1642−1652..

Huang, S.; Zhang, J.; Kong, L.; Xie, Z. T.; Wu, J. A chemical modification-free strategy for fabricating tough and tear-resistant natural rubber/polysaccharide material. Polymer 2025 , 316 , 127880..

Wang, Y.; Liu, H.; Zheng, T.; Peng, Z.; Wang, R.; Yu, H.; Liao, L. Strain-induced crystallization behavior and tensile properties of natural rubber with different vulcanization bond types. Polym. Test. 2023 , 129 , 108289..

Surya, I.; Ismail, H. Alkanolamide as a novel accelerator and vulcanising agent in carbon black-filled polychloroprene rubber compounds. Plast. Rubber. Compos. 2016 , 45 , 287−293..

Naebpetch, W.; Nithi-Uthai, N.; Saetung, A.; Junhasavasdikul, B.; Kaewsakul, W. Utilisation of zinc dimethacrylate as coagent in sulfur-peroxide dual vulcanisation with different sulfur systems for styrene-butadiene rubber compounds. J. Rubber Res. 2017 , 20 , 71−86..

Chen, Q.; Huang, W.; Zhang, L.; Chen, Y.; Liu, J. Impact of sacrificial hydrogen bonds on the structure and properties of rubber materials: insights from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Langmuir 2024 , 40 , 11470−11480..

Das, A.; Naskar, N.; Basu, D. K. Thiophosphoryl disulfides as crosslinking agents for chloroprene rubber. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004 , 91 , 1913−1919..

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Simultaneous Improvement of Strength and Toughness of Poly(lactic acid) via Multiple Dynamic Pressure

Synchronously Enhancing Crystallization Ability and Mechanical Properties of the Polylactide Film via Incorporating Stereocomplex Crystallite Fibers

Data-Driven Exploration of Polymer Processing Effects on the Mechanical Properties in Carbon Black-Reinforced Rubber Composites

Preparation and Characterization of Cyano-Silicon-Containing Arylacetylene Resins and Their Composites: Dual Enhancement Strategy Involving Physical Interfacial Interactions and Chemical Crosslinking