Characterization of Polymer Aging: A Review

Xuan Liu; Rui Yang; Zhi-Ping Xu; Yan Ye; Guo-Shuo Tang; Min Zhao; Qian Zhang; Xiang-Ze Meng

doi:10.1007/s10118-024-3174-9

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Characterization of Polymer Aging: A Review

REVIEW | Updated：2024-11-04

- Characterization of Polymer Aging: A Review
- Characterization of Polymer Aging: A Review
- 高分子科学（英文版） 2024年42卷第11期页码：1642-1660
- Affiliations：
  
  a.School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
  b.Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Author bio：
  
  yangr@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
- Funds：
  
  This work was financially supported by the 2023 High-level Scientific Research Foundation for the Introduction of Talent of Hefei Normal University (No. 2023rcjj08) and the Research Project of Hefei Normal University (No. 2023QN06).;Rui Yang received her Ph.D. degree from Tsinghua University in 2005. She has worked in Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University since 1996 and became a professor of polymer materials in 2021. Her research interests include: (1) Aging behavior, mechanism, stability evaluation and lifetime prediction of polymer materials under various environmental conditions; (2) Functional phase change material (PCM) for heat energy storage; and (3) Structure-property relationship of polymer materials.
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-024-3174-9
  中图分类号：
- 纸质出版日期：2024-11-30，
  
  网络出版日期：2024-08-20，
  
  收稿日期：2024-01-12，
  
  录用日期：2024-05-23
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Liu, X.; Yang, R.; Xu, Z. P.; Ye, Y.; Tang, G. S.; Zhao, M.; Zhang, Q.; Meng, X. Z. Characterization of polymer aging: a review. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2024, 42, 1642–1660

Xuan Liu, Rui Yang, Zhi-Ping Xu, et al. Characterization of Polymer Aging: A Review. [J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2024,42(11):1642-1660.
Liu, X.; Yang, R.; Xu, Z. P.; Ye, Y.; Tang, G. S.; Zhao, M.; Zhang, Q.; Meng, X. Z. Characterization of polymer aging: a review. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2024, 42, 1642–1660 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-024-3174-9.

Xuan Liu, Rui Yang, Zhi-Ping Xu, et al. Characterization of Polymer Aging: A Review. [J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2024,42(11):1642-1660. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-024-3174-9.

摘要

Various analytical methods for characterization of chemical changes

physical changes and service properties are reviewed. Based on that

methods for aging evaluation including stabilization evaluation and lifetime prediction

especially sensitive evaluation methods are introduced. Also

existing problems and future research perspective are proposed.

Abstract

Polymer aging under environmental conditions causes deterioration of service properties. Understanding the aging behavior and mechanism is important not only for lifetime prediction

but also for material improvement and development. Therefore

comprehensive characterization of polymer materials during aging is crucial. In this review

various analytical methods for characterization of chemical changes

physical changes and service properties are introduced. Based on that

methods for stabilization evaluation and lifetime prediction

especially sensitive evaluation methods are reviewed. Chemical changes include molecular weight changes by chain scission and crosslinking

functional group changes on the surface and in the bulk

formation of free radicals

formation of small molecular species as the degradation products

and chemical distribution by heterogeneous aging and additives migration. Physical changes include crystallization changes (post- or chemi-crystallization) and morphology changes (cracking

debonding

etc

.). Service property changes include deterioration of processability

mechanical properties

electrical properties and appearance. In the end

existing problems and future research perspective are proposed

including relationship between chemical/physical changes and service properties

introduction of modern mathematical and computer tools.

关键词

Keywords

Chemical changePhysical changeService propertyStability evaluationLifetime prediction

references

Pandey, J. K.; Reddy, K. R.; Kumar, A. P.; Singh, R. P. An overview on the degradability of polymer nanocomposites.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2005,88, 234−250..

Tian, R.; Li, K. T.; Lin, Y. J.; Lv, C.; Duan, X. Characterization techniques of polymer aging: from beginning to end.Chem. Rev.2023,123, 3007−3088..

Yang, R.; Li, Y.; Yu, J. Photo-stabilization of linear low density polyethylene by inorganic nano-particles.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2005,88, 168−174..

Li, J. F.; Yang, R.; Yu, H.; Liu, Y. Natural photo-aging degradation of polypropylene nanocomposites.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2008,93, 84−89..

Mohd-Adnan, A. F.; Nishida, H.; Shirai, Y. Evaluation of kinetics parameters for poly(L-lactic acid) hydrolysis under high-pressure steam.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2008,93, 1053−1058..

Arhant, M.; Le Gall, M.; Le Gac, P. Y.; Davies, P. Impact of hydrolytic degradation on mechanical properties of PET—towards an understanding of microplastics formation.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2019,161, 175−182..

Shyichuk, A. V. Digital model of macromolecule crosslinking.J. Appl. Polym. Sci.1996,61, 1703−1706..

Shyichuk, A. V. How to measure the degradation index by viscometry.J. Appl. Polym. Sci.1996,62, 1735−1738..

Craig, I. H.; White, J. R.; Shyichuk, A. V.; Syrotynska, I. Photo-induced scission and crosslinking in LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE.Polym. Eng. Sci.2005,45, 579−587..

Fayolle, B.; Audouin, L.; Verdu, J. A critical molar mass separating the ductile and brittle regimes as revealed by thermal oxidation in polypropylene.Polymer2004,45, 4323−4330..

Alam, T. M.; Cherry, B. R.; Minard, K. R.; Celina, M. Relaxation nuclear magnetic resonance imaging investigation of heterogeneous aging in a hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene-based elastomer.Macromolecules2005,38, 10694−10701..

Mowery, D. M.; Assink, R. A.; Celina, M. Sensitivity of proton NMR relaxation times in a HTPB based polyurethane elastomer to thermo-oxidative aging.Polymer2005,46, 10919−10924..

Gillen, K. T.; Assink, R.; Bernstein, R.; Celina, M. Condition monitoring methods applied to degradation of chlorosulfonated polyethylene cable jacketing materials.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2006,91, 1273−1288..

Li, Z. X.; Kong, Y. R.; Chen, X. F.; Huang, Y. J.; Lv, Y. D.; Li, G. X. High-temperature thermo-oxidative aging of vulcanized natural rubber nanocomposites: Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties.Chinese J. Polym. Sci.2023,41, 1287−1297..

Zhi, J. Y.; Wang, Q. L.; Zhang, M. J.; Zhou, Z. Z.; Liu, A. N.; Jia, Y. X. Coupled analysis on hyper-viscoelastic mechanical behavior and macromolecular network alteration of rubber during thermo-oxidative aging process.Polymer2019,171, 15−24..

Zhao, J. H.; Yang, R.; Iervolino, R.; Barbera, S. Investigation of crosslinking in the thermooxidative aging of nitrile-butadiene rubber.J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41319..

Kuhn, W.; Barth, P.; Hafner, S.; Simon, G.; Schneider, H. Material properties imaging of cross-linked polymers by NMR.Macromolecules1994,27, 5773−5779..

Zhao, J. H.; Yang, R.; Iervolino, R.; Barbera, S. Changes of chemical structure and mechanical property levels during thermo-oxidative aging of NBR.Rubber Chem. Technol.2013,86, 591−603..

Liu, X.; Zhao, J. H.; Yang, R.; Iervolino, R.; Barbera, S. Effect of lubricating oil on thermal aging of nitrile rubber.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2018,151, 136−143..

Delor, F.; Barrois-Oudin, N.; Duteurtre, X.; Cardinet, C.; Lemaire, J.; Lacoste, J. Oxidation of rubbers analysed by HATR/IR spectroscopy.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.1998,62, 395−401..

Motyakin, M. V.; Schlick, S. Thermal degradation at 393 K of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) containing a hindered amine stabilizer: a study by 1D and 2D electron spin resonance imaging (ESRI) and ATR-FTIR.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2002,76, 25−36..

Nagai, N.; Matsunobe, T.; Imai, T. Infrared analysis of depth profiles in UV-photochemical degradation of polymers.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2005,88, 224−233..

Palaskar, S. S. Adhesion properties of polypropylene fabric treated with atmospheric pressure plasma and coated with polyurethane: studies on ageing process.Int. J. Adhes. Adhes.2023,125, 103428..

Manceau, M.; Gaume, J.; Rivaton, A.; Gardette, J. L.; Monier, G.; Bideux, L. Further insights into the photodegradation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Thin Solid Films2010,518, 7113−7118..

Bussiere, P. O.; Rivaton, A.; Therias, S.; Gardette, J. L. Multiscale investigation of the poly(N-vinylcarbazole) photoageing mechanism.J. Phys. Chem. B2012,116, 802−812..

Vinod, P.; Babu, M. S.; Kornhuber, S.; Sarathi, R. Ageing impact on the surface condition of silicone rubber micro nanocomposites adopting AFM studies.J. Polym. Res.2022,29, 115..

Rollet, F.; Morlat-Therias, S.; Gardette, J. L. AFM analysis of CD-R photoageing.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2009,94, 877−885..

Pages, P.; Carrasco, F.; Saurina, J.; Colom, X. FTIR and DSC study of HDPE structural changes and mechanical properties variation when exposed to weathering aging during Canadian winter.J. Appl. Polym. Sci.1996,60, 153−159..

Morlat-Therias, S.; Mailhot, B.; Gonzalez, D.; Gardette, J. L. Photooxidation of polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites. 2. Interactions with antioxidants.Chem. Mat.2005,17, 1072−1078..

Gaume, J.; Wong-Wah-Chung, P.; Rivaton, A.; Therias, S.; Gardette, J. L. Photochemical behavior of PVA as an oxygen-barrier polymer for solar cell encapsulation.RSC Adv.2011,1, 1471−1481..

Philippart, J. L.; Sinturel, C.; Arnaud, R.; Gardette, J. L. Influence of the exposure parameters on the mechanism of photooxidation of polypropylene.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.1999,64, 213−225..

Yang, R.; Yu, J.; Liu, Y.; Wang, K. H. Effects of inorganic fillers on the natural photo-oxidation of high-density polyethylene.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2005,88, 333−340..

Yang, R.; Liu, Y.; Yu, J.; Wang, K. Thermal oxidation products and kinetics of polyethylene composites.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2006,91, 1651−1657..

Lacoste, J.; Carlsson, D. J. Gamma-initiated, photo-initiated, and thermally-initiated oxidation of linear low-density polyethylene - a quantitative comparison of oxidation-products.J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem.1992,30, 493−500..

Tidjani, A. Comparison of formation of oxidation products during photo-oxidation of linear low density polyethylene under different natural and accelerated weathering conditions.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2000,68, 465−469..

Carrasco, F.; Pagès, P.; Pascual, S.; Colom, X. Artificial aging of high-density polyethylene by ultraviolet irradiation.Eur. Polym. J.2001,37, 1457−1464..

Rouillon, C.; Bussiere, P. O.; Desnoux, E.; Collin, S.; Vial, C.; Therias, S.; Gardette, J. L. Is carbonyl index a quantitative probe to monitor polypropylene photodegradation.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2016,128, 200−208..

Baiamonte, M.; Therias, S.; Gardette, J. L.; Colletti, C.; Dintcheva, N. T. Encapsulant polymer blend films for bifacial heterojunction photovoltaic modules: formulation, characterization and durability.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2021,193, 109716..

Aadila, A.; Asib, N. A. M.; Afaah, A. N.; Mohamed, R.; Rusop, M.; Khusaimi, Z. UV-vis and Raman characterization multilayer of PMMA films spin coated onto substrate by sol-gel spin-coating method.Adv. Mater. Res.2015,1109, 613−616..

de Castro Monsores, K. G.; da Silva, A. O.; Oliveira, S. S. A.; Passos Rodrigues, J. G.; Weber, R. P. Influence of ultraviolet radiation on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).J. Mater. Res. Technol.2019,8, 3713−3718..

Shulamith, S. inAdvanced ESR methods in polymer research, John Wiley& Sons, Inc., Hoboken, 2006 ..

Troitskii, B. B.; Troitskaya, L. S.; Yakhnov, A. S.; Novikova, M. A.; Denisova, V. N.; Cherkasov, V. K.; Bubnov, M. P. Investigation of autocatalytic thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) by ESR spectroscopy.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.1997,58, 83−89..

Culin, J.; Gembarovski, D.; Andreis, M.; Veksli, Z.; Marinovic, T. Effect of thermal oxidative ageing on the morphology of natural rubber networks as viewed by ESR.Polym. Int.2000,49, 845−852..

Colombani, J.; Raffi, J.; Gilardi, T.; Troulay, M.; Catoire, B.; Kister, J. ESR studies on poly(vinyl chloride) irradiated at medium and high doses.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2006,91, 1619−1628..

Mehmood, M. S.; Yasin, T.; Jahan, M. S.; Mishra, S. R.; Walters, B. M.; Ahmad, M.;Ikram, M. Assessment of residual radicals inγ-sterilized shelf-aged UHMWPE stabilized withα-tocopherol.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2013,98, 1256−1263..

Labouriau, A.; Cady, C.; Gill, J.; Stull, J.; Ortiz-Acosta, D.; Henderson, K.; Hartung, V.; Quintana, A.; Celina, M. Gamma irradiation and oxidative degradation of a silica-filled silicone elastomer.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2015,116, 62−74..

Bracco, P.; Costa, L.; Luda, M. P.; Billingham, N. A review of experimental studies of the role of free-radicals in polyethylene oxidation.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2018,155, 67−83..

Chen, L.; Guo, Q.; Kutsuna, S.; Mizukado, J. Determination of the mechanism of polymer thermolysis at low temperatures using spin trap electron spin resonance.Polymer2020,203, 122747..

Pilar, J.; Michalkova, D.; Slouf, M.; Vackova, T.; Dybal, J. Heterogeneity of accelerated photooxidation in commodity polymers stabilized by has: ESRI, IR, and MH study.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2014,103, 11−25..

Slouf, M.; Pilar, J.; Dybal, J.; Sloufova, I.; Michalkova, D.; Lukesova, M.; Zgadzai, O.; Blank, A.; Filippov, S. K. UV degradation of styrene-butadiene rubber versus high density poly(ethylene) in marine conditions studied by infrared spectroscopy, micro indentation, and electron spin resonance imaging.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2018,156, 132−143..

Blakey, I.; Goss, B.; George, G. Chemiluminescence as a probe of polymer oxidation.Aust. J. Chem.2006,59, 485−498..

Ahlblad, G.; Reitberger, T.; Terselius, B.; Stenberg, B. Thermo-oxidative infection in populations of EPDM particles studied by imaging chemiluminescence.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.1999,65, 169−177..

del Teso Sanchez, K.; Allen, N. S.; Liauw, C. M.; Catalina, F.; Corrales, T.; Edge, M. Chemiluminescence studies on comparison of antioxidant effectiveness on multiextruded polyethylenes.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2015,113, 32−39..

Zaharescu, T.; Caramitu, A. R.; Marinescu, V. Stability analysis of PA-6/ethylene elastomer blends for outdoor and nuclear applications.Polym. Bull.2020,77, 565−583..

Strlič, M.; Kolar, J.; Pihlar, B.; Rychly, J.; Matisová-Rychlá, L. Chemiluminescence during thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of cellulose.Eur. Polym. J.2000,36, 2351−2358..

Colwell, J. M.; Nikolic, M. A. L.; Bottle, S. E.; George, G. A. Sensitive luminescence techniques to study the early stages of polymer oxidation.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2013,98, 2436−2444..

Blakey, I.; George, G. A.; Billingham, N. C. Energy transfer and activated chemiluminescence during thermal oxidation of polypropylene: Evidence for chemically induced electron exchange luminescence.Macromolecules2001,34, 9130−9138..

Celina, M.; Clough, R.; Jones, G. Polymer degradation initiated via infectious behavior.Polymer2005,46, 5161−5164..

Liu, X.; Yang, R. Cross-infection in thermo-oxidation of polymers.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2019,161, 7−12..

Celina, M.; Clough, R. L. Remote inhibition of polymer degradation.Polymer2006,47, 289−292..

Celina, M.; Clough, R. L.; Jones, G. D. Initiation of polymer degradationviatransfer of infectious species.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2006,91, 1036−1044..

Ahlblad, G.; Reitberger, T.; Terselius, B.; Stenberg, B. Imaging chemiluminescence technique applied to thermooxidation of polymers - possibilities and limitations.Angew. Makromol. Chem.1998,262, 1−7..

Aratani, N.; Katada, I.; Nakayama, K.; Terano, M.; Taniike, T. Development of high-throughput chemiluminescence imaging instrument for parallel evaluation of polymer lifetime.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2015,121, 340−347..

Taniike, T.; Kitamura, T.; Nakayama, K.; Takimoto, K.; Aratani, N.; Wada, T.; Thakur, A.; Chammingkwan, P. Stabilizer formulation based on high-throughput chemiluminescence imaging and machine learning.ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.2020,2, 3319−3326..

Gröning, M.; Hakkarainen, M. Headspace solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry reveals a correlation between the degradation product pattern and changes in the mechanical properties during the thermooxidation of in-plant recycled polyamide 6,6.J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2002,86, 3396−3407..

Albertsson, A. C.; Gröning, M.; Hakkarainen, M. Emission of volatiles from polymers—a new approach for understanding polymer degradation.J. Polym. Environ.2006,14, 8−13..

Badji, C.; Beigbeder, J.; Garay, H.; Bergeret, A.; Benezet, J. C.; Desauziers, V. Under glass weathering of hemp fibers reinforced polypropylene biocomposites: impact of volatile organic compounds emissions on indoor air quality.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2018,149, 85−95..

Liu, X.; Yang, R. Conversion among photo-oxidative products of polypropylene in solid, liquid and gaseous states.BMC Chem.2020,14, 44..

Bai, X.; Stein, B. K.; Smith, K.; Isaac, D. H. Effects of reprocessing on additives in ABS plastics, detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.Prog. Rubber Plast. Recycl. Technol.2012,28, 1−14..

Hakkarainen, M.; Albertsson, A. C. Indicator products: a new tool for lifetime prediction of polymeric materials.Biomacromolecules2005,6, 775−779..

Gallet, G.; Lempiäinen, R.; Karlsson, S. Characterisation by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of matrix changes of poly(L-lactide) exposed to outdoor soil environment.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2001,71, 147−151..

Curran, K.; Underhill, M.; Grau-Bove, J.; Fearn, T.; Gibson, L. T.; Strlic, M. Classifying degraded modern polymeric museum artefacts by their smell.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2018,57, 7336−7340..

Duemichen, E.; Eisentraut, P.; Celina, M.; Braun, U. Automated thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry: a multifunctional tool for comprehensive characterization of polymers and their degradation products.J. Chromatogr. A2019,1592, 133−142..

La Nasa, J.; Mattonai, M.; Modugno, F.; Degano, I.; Ribechini, E. Comics' VOC-abulary: study of the ageing of comic books in archival bags through VOCs profiling.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2019,161, 39−49..

Yang, R.; Zhao, J. H.; Liu, Y. Oxidative degradation products analysis of polymer materials by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2013,98, 2466−2472..

Liu, X.; Zhao, J. H.; Liu, Y.; Yang, R. Volatile components changes during thermalaging of nitrile rubber by flash evaporation of Py-GC/MS.J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis2015,113, 193−201..

Liu, X.; Zhao, J. H.; Yang, R.; Iervolino, R.; Barbera, S. Thermal aging of hydrogenated nitrile rubber-loss of additives and its influence on elasticity maintenance.Polimery2017,62, 588−598..

Coquillat, M.; Verdu, J.; Colin, X.; Audouin, L.; Celina, M. A kinetic evaluation of the thermal oxidation of a phenol stabilised polybutadiene.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2008,93, 1689−1694..

Allen, N. S.; Edge, M.; Liauw, C. M.; Hoang, E. Role of phenol and phosphite antioxidant combinations in the thermal stabilisation of metallocene LLDPE (mLLDPE): optimisation and performance and influence of metal stearates on multiple extrusions.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2018,152, 208−217..

Wei, X. F.; Linde, E.; Hedenqvist, M. S. Plasticiser loss from plastic or rubber products through diffusion and evaporation.NPJ Mater. Degrad.2019,3, 18..

Clough, R. L.; Gillen, K. T. Oxygen diffusion effects in thermally aged elastomers.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.1992,38, 47−56..

Yang, R.; Liu, Y.; Yu, J.; Zhang, D. Q. Spatial heterogeneity of photo-oxidation and its relation with crack propagation in polyethylene composites.Polym. Eng. Sci.2008,48, 2270−2276..

de Goede, E.; Mallon, P. E.; Rode, K.; Pasch, H. Spatial heterogeneity of thermo-oxidative degradation in impact poly(propylene) copolymers.Macromol. Mater. Eng.2011,296, 1018−1027..

Gijsman, P.; Dong, W.; Quintana, A.; Celina, M. Influence of temperature and stabilization on oxygen diffusion limited oxidation profiles of polyamide 6.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2016,130, 83−96..

Cundiff, K. N.; Rodriguez, A. K.; Benzerga, A. A. Mechanical behavior of polyamide-6 after combined photo-oxidative and hygrothermal aging.Colloid. Polym. Sci.2024,302, 609−622..

Fayolle, B.; Audouin, L.; George, G. A.; Verdu, J. Macroscopic heterogeneity in stabilized polypropylene thermal oxidation.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2002,77, 515−522..

Goss, B. G. S.; Nakatani, H.; George, G. A.; Terano, M. Catalyst residue effects on the heterogeneous oxidation of polypropylene.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2003,82, 119−126..

Hernandez-Fernandez, J.; Lopez-Martinez, J. Experimental study of the auto-catalytic effect of triethylaluminum and TiCl4residuals at the onset of non-additive polypropylene degradation and their impact on thermo-oxidative degradation and pyrolysis.J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis2021,155, 105052..

Nakatani, H.; Shibata, H.; Miyazaki, K.; Yonezawa, T.; Takeda, H.; Azuma, Y.; Watanabe, S. Studies on heterogeneous degradation of polypropylene/talc composite: Effect of iron impurity on the degradation behavior.J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2010,115, 167−173..

Wise, J.; Gillen, K. T.; Clough, R. L. Quantitative model for the time development of diffusion-limited oxidation profiles.Polymer1997,38, 1929−1944..

Quintana, A.; Celina, M. C. Overview of DLO modeling and approaches to predict heterogeneous oxidative polymer degradation.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2018,149, 173−191..

Linde, E.; Nilsson, F.; Barrett, M.; Hedenqvist, M. S.; Celina, M. C. Time- and feedback-dependent DLO phenomena in oxidative polymer aging.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2021,189, 109598..

Girois, S.; Delprat, P.; Audouin, L.; Verdu, J. Oxidation thickness profiles during photooxidation of non-photostabilized polypropylene.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.1997,56, 169−177..

Nagle, D. J.; Celina, M.; Rintoul, L.; Fredericks, P. M. Infrared microspectroscopic study of the thermo-oxidative degradation of hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene/isophorone diisocyanate polyurethane rubber.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2007,92, 1446−1454..

Wei, X. F.; Kallio, K. J.; Bruder, S.; Bellander, M.; Kausch, H. H.; Gedde, U. W.; Hedenqvist, M. S. Diffusion-limited oxidation of polyamide: Three stages of fracture behavior.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2018,154, 73−83..

Christmann, J.; Gardette, J. L.; Pichon, G.;Bouchut, B.; Therias, S. Photostabilization of polyethylene by a hindered amine light stabilizer in blooming conditions and impact of mdo processing.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2021,191, 109683..

Hatakeyama, T.; Quinn, F. X. inThermal analysis-fundamentals and applications to polymer science, John Wiley& Sons, Inc., Chichester, 1994 ..

Yu, L.; Wang, K.; Sun, M. C.; Duan, Z. Q.; Zhao, Y. Hydrothermal aging behavior and effects on carbon fabric/polyphenylene sulfide composite.Polym. Compos.2024,45, 836−846..

Xu, Y. J.; Song, Y. H.; Zheng, Q. Effects of nanosilica on crystallization and thermal ageing behaviors of polyethylene terephthalate.Chinese J. Polym. Sci.2015,33, 697−708..

Rabello, M. S.; White, J. R. Crystallization and melting behaviour of photodegraded polypropylene. 1. Chemi-crystallization.Polymer1997,38, 6379−6387..

Rabello, M. S.; White, J. R. Crystallization and melting behaviour of photodegraded polypropylene. 2. Re-crystallization of degraded molecules.Polymer1997,38, 6389−6399..

Craig, I. H.; White, J. R. Crystallization and chemi-crystallization of recycled photodegraded polyethylenes.Polym. Eng. Sci.2005,45, 588−595..

Deng, Y.; Wang, Q.; Ma, J.; Oh, J. T.; Chen, Z. The combined impact of voids and thermal aging on the mechanical reliability of epoxy resin evaluated by statistical analysis.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2023,215, 110455..

Moffitt, S. L.; Pan, P. C.; Perry, L.; Tracy, J.; Choudhury, K. R.; Kempe, M. D.; Gu, X. Microstructure changes during failure of PVDF-based photovoltaic backsheets.Prog. Photovoltaics2023,31, 26−35..

Wang, T. L.; Qin, W. B.; Shu, D. F.; Huang, F.; Sun, J. C.; Yue, W.; Wang, C. B. Effects of spherical Al2O3grades on crack initiation of thermal conductive silicone pads under high-temperature aging.Compos. Interfaces2023,30, 509−527..

Zhong, Y. C.; Joshi, S. C. Initiation of structural defects in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites under hygrothermal environments.J. Compos. Mater.2016,50, 1085−1097..

Park, S. Y.; Choi, W. J.; Choi, C. H.; Choi, H. S. An experimental study into aging unidirectional carbon fiber epoxy composite under thermal cycling and moisture absorption.Compos. Struct.2019,207, 81−92..

Doudin, K.; Al-Malaika, S.; Sheena, H. H.; Tverezovskiy, V.; Fowler, P. New genre of antioxidants from renewable natural resources: Synthesis and characterisation of rosemary plant-derived antioxidants and their performance in polyolefins.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2016,130, 126−134..

Allen, N. S.; Jones, A. P.; Liauw, C. M.; Edge, M.; Keck-Antoine, K.; Yeo, J. H. High-temperature stabilization of polypropylene using hindered phenol-thioester stabilizer combinations, part 1: Optimization and efficacyvianondust blends.J. Vinyl Addit. Technol.2021,27, 376−388..

Suraci, S. V.; Fabiani, D.; Sipilä, K.; Joki, H., Filler impact analysis on aging of crosslinked polyethylene for nuclear applications through dielectric spectroscopy. InIEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), 2019 ; pp. 166−169..

Moghadam, M. K.; Taheri, M.; Gharazi, S.; Keramati, M.; Bahrami, M.; Riahi, N. A study of composite insulator aging using the tracking wheel test.IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul.2016,23, 1805−1811..

Xin, L.; Guo, M.; Zhang, C.; Xiang, J.; Hang, W. S.; Zhang, X. T.; Li, J. Y., The effect of DC electrothermal aging on breakdown strength of poly (ethylene terephthalate) used in laminated busbar. InIEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), 2020 ; p. 4..

Mo, Y. J.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, Y. X.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Y. X.; Zhou, Z. L., Space charge characteristics of thermally and electrically aged polyimide films. InIEEE 12th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM), 2018 ; pp. 1053−1056..

He, D. X.; Wang, X. R.; Liu, H. S.; Li, Q. Q.; Teyssedre, G. Space charge behavior in XLPE cable insulation under ac stress and its relation to thermo-electrical aging.IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul.2018,25, 541−550..

Wang, J. F.; Zheng, X. Q.; Wu, J.; Li, Y. X.; Zhang, Z. J., Study on the transformation of electrical tree from water tree degradation in XLPE. InIEEE 10th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM), 2012 ; p. 6..

Zhang, Y. X.; Zhou, Y. X.; Zhang, L.; Chen, M.; Zhang, X.; Sha, Y. C., Electrical tree initiation and propagation in silicone rubber under long-term AC aging. InIEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), 2016 ; pp. 991−994..

Mehr, M. Y.; van Driel, W. D.; Jansen, K. M. B.; Deeben, P.; Boutelje, M.; Zhang, G. Q. Photodegradation of bisphenol a polycarbonate under blue light radiation and its effect on optical properties.Opt. Mater.2013,35, 504−508..

Pastorelli, G.; Cucci, C.; Garcia, O.; Piantanida, G.; Elnaggar, A.; Cassar, M.; Strlič, M. Environmentally induced, colour change during natural degradation of selected polymers.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2014,107, 198−209..

Melchiorre Di Crescenzo, M.; Zendri, E.; Sanchez-Pons, M.; Fuster-Lopez, L.; Yusa-Marco, D. J. The use of waterborne paints in contemporary murals: Comparing the stability of vinyl, acrylic and styrene-acrylic formulations to outdoor weathering conditions.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2014,107, 285−293..

del Teso Sanchez, K.; Allen, N. S.; Liauw, C. M.; Edge, M. Effect of polymerization catalyst technology on the melt processing stability of polyethylenes, Part 3: Additives blends performance.J. Vinyl Addit. Technol.2016,22, 117−127..

Xia, T. T.; Wu, M. Y.; Yan, J. B.; Yang, F. H.; Wang, X. Y.; Jia, Y. B.; Wang, H.; Xiong, S. W.; Wang, L. X. Thermal oxygen aging mechanism and assessment of aramid chopped fibers/polyphenylene sulfide composite paper.Polym. Compos.2023,44, 5999−6011..

Gijsman, P.; Hennekens, J.; Tummers, D. The mechanism of action of hindered amine light stabilizers.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.1993,39, 225−233..

Wise, J.; Gillen, K. T.; Clough, R. L. An ultrasensitive technique for testing the arrhenius extrapolation assumption for thermally aged elastomers.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.1995,49, 403−418..

Gillen, K. T.; Celina, M.; Bernstein, R. Validation of improved methods for predicting long-term elastomeric seal lifetimes from compression stress-relaxation and oxygen consumption techniques.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2003,82, 25−35..

Gillen, K. T.; Bernstein, R.; Derzon, D. K. Evidence of non-arrhenius behaviour from laboratory aging and 24-year field aging of polychloroprene rubber materials.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2005,87, 57−67..

Fraïsse, F.; Kumar, A.; Commereuc, S.; Verney, V. Photo-oxidation of polymers: Validation of oxygen uptake and relationship with extent of hydroperoxidation.J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2006,99, 2238−2244..

Maalihan, R. D.; Pajarito, B. B. Relationship between tensile modulus and oxygen uptake of pro-oxidant loaded low-density polyethylene films during heat aging.Key Eng. Mater.2016,705, 72−76..

Lee, S. Y.; Eom, S. B.; Won, J. S.; Bae, J. W.; Park, S. H.; Lee, S. G. Evaluation of aging behavior of nitrile butadiene rubbersviaoxygen-consumption experiments.Fiber. Polym.2021,22, 639−646..

Gijsman, P.; Verdun, F. The influence of polymer type, stabilizers and sample geometry on the relationship between chemiluminescence and oxygen uptake.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2001,74, 533−542..

Podzorova, M. V.; Tertyshnaya, Y. V.; Popov, A. A.; Nikolaeva, S. G. Kinetics of thermo-oxidative degradation of polymer blends based on polylactide.AIP Conf. Proc.2019,2167, 020280..

Jin, C. Q.; Christensen, P. A.; Egerton, T. A.; Lawson, E. J.; White, J. R. Rapid measurement of polymer photo-degradation by FTIR spectrometry of evolved carbon dioxide.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2006,91, 1086−1096..

Christensen, P. A.; Dilks, A.; Egerton, T. A.; Temperley, J. Infrared spectroscopic evaluation of the photodegradation of paint - Part I - the UV degradation of acrylic films pigmented with titanium dioxide.J. Mater. Sci.1999,34, 5689−5700..

Christensen, P. A.; Dilks, A.; Egerton, T. A.; Temperley, J. Infrared spectroscopic evaluation of the photodegradation of paint - Part II: The effect of UV intensity&wavelength on the degradation of acrylic films pigmented with titanium dioxide.J. Mater. Sci.2000,35, 5353−5358..

Christensen, P. A.; Dilks, A.; Egerton, T. A.; Lawson, E. J.; Temperley, J. Photocatalytic oxidation of alkyd paint films measured by FTIR analysis of UV generated carbon dioxide.J. Mater. Sci.2002,37, 4901−4909..

Jin, C. Q.; Christensen, P. A.; Egerton, T. A.; White, J. R. Rapid measurement of photocatalytic oxidation of poly(vinyl chloride) by in situ fir spectrometry of evolved CO2.Mater. Sci. Technol.2006,22, 908−914..

Fernando, S. S.; Christensen, P. A.; Egerton, T. A.; White, J. R. Carbon dioxide evolution and carbonyl group development during photodegradation of polyethylene and polypropylene.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2007,92, 2163−2172..

Fechine, G. J. M.; Christensen, P. A.; Egerton, T. A.; White, J. R. Evaluation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) photostabilisation using FTIR spectrometry of evolved carbon dioxide.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2009,94, 234−239..

Liu, X.; Zhao, J. H.; Yang, R.; Iervolino, R.; Barbera, S. A novel in-situ aging evaluation method by FTIR and the application to thermal oxidized nitrile rubber.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2016,128, 99−106..

An, Z. H.; Ye, Y.; Xu, Z. P.; Yang, R. Study on multi-factor coupling aging kinetics of polyolefins: yearly and monthly aging speed maps.Acta Polymerica Sinica(in Chinese)2021,52, 1514−1522..

Xu, Z.; An, Z.; Ye, Y.; Yang, R. Photoantioxidant versus photodegradant: Action of nanoparticle inorganic fillers in outdoor aging of pp.J. Vinyl Addit. Technol.2022,28, 405−417..

An, Z. H.; Xu, Z. P.; Ye, Y.; Yang, R. A rapid and highly sensitive evaluation of polymer composite aging with linear correlation to real-time aging.Anal. Chim. Acta2021,1169, 338632..

An, Z. H.; Yang, R. A novel aging evaluation system and the application to polyethylene composites.Acta Polymerica Sinica(in Chinese) 2021, 52, 196-203..

An, Z. H.; Zhao, D. Y.; Ye, Y.; Yang, R.; Wang, Y. Y.; Shao, J.; Zhang, P.; Chen, Y. N.; Zhou, M.; Wang, W. H.; Wang, Z.; Huang, H. C.; Wang, L. C.; Zhong, M. C.; Zhen, Y.; Wan, Y. A novel aging evaluation method of nylon.Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal.2022,42, 43−48..

Robinson, A. J.; Searle, J. R.; Worsley, D. A. Novel flat panel reactor for monitoring photodegradation.Mater. Sci. Technol.2004,20, 1041−1048..

Woods, R. M.; Searle, J. R.; Pursglove, A.; Worsley, D. A. Comparison of the photoactivity of TiO2coatings using a flat panel reactor and FTIR to monitor the CO2evolution rate.J. Environ. Chem. Eng.2019,7, 103336..

Watanabe, C.; Tsuge, S.; Ohtani, H. Development of new pyrolysis-GC/MS system incorporated with on-line micro-ultraviolet irradiation for rapid evaluation of photo, thermal, and oxidative degradation of polymers.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2009,94, 1467−1472..

Yuzawa, T.; Watanabe, C.; Tsuge, S.; Shimane, N.; Imai, H. Application of a pyrolysis-GC/MS system incorporating with micro-UV irradiation to rapid evaluation of the weatherability of acrylic coating paints for house exterior walls.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2011,96, 91−96..

Yamada, K.; Kumagai, S.; Shiratori, T.; Kameda, T.; Saito, Y.; Watanabe, A.; Watanabe, C.; Teramae, N.; Yoshioka, T. Combined UV-irradiation and pyrolysis-GC/MS approach for evaluating the deterioration behavior of ethylene vinyl acetate.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2021,190, 109632..

Lussini, V. C.; Colwell, J. M.; Fairfull-Smith, K. E.; Bottle, S. E. Profluorescent nitroxide sensors for monitoring photo-induced degradation in polymer films.Sens. Actuator B-Chem.2017,241, 199−209..

Lussini, V. C.; Blinco, J. P.; Fairfull-Smith, K. E.; Bottle, S. E.; Colwell, J. M. Profluorescent nitroxide sensors for monitoring the natural aging of polymer materials.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2020,174, 109091..

Micallef, A. S.; Blinco, J. P.; George, G. A.; Reid, D. A.; Rizzardo, E.; Thang, S. H.; Bottle, S. E. The application of a novel profluorescent nitroxide to monitor thermo-oxidative degradation of polypropylene.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2005,89, 427−435..

Zhang, Z. K.; Tian, R.; Zhang, P. D.; Lv, C.; Duan, X. Three-dimensional visualization for early-stage evolution of polymer aging.ACS Central Sci.2020,6, 771−778..

Dong, W.; Gijsman, P. Influence of temperature on the thermo-oxidative degradation of polyamide 6 films.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2010,95, 1054−1062..

Celina, M.; Wise, J.; Ottesen, D. K.; Gillen, K. T.; Clough, R. L. Correlation of chemical and mechanical property changes during oxidative degradation of neoprene.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2000,68, 171−184..

Larche, J. F.; Bussiere, P. O.; Therias, S.; Gardette, J. L. Photooxidation of polymers: Relating material properties to chemical changes.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2012,97, 25−34..

Celina, M. C. Review of polymer oxidation and its relationship with materials performance and lifetime prediction.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2013,98, 2419−2429..

Deshoulles, Q.; Le Gall, M.; Dreanno, C.; Arhant, M.; Stoclet, G.; Priour, D.; Le Gac, P. Y. Origin of embrittlement in polyamide 6 induced by chemical degradations: mechanisms and governing factors.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2021,191, 109657..

Wu, D. Q.; Zhang, D. W.; Liu, S. P.; Jin, Z. H.; Chowwanonthapunya, T.; Gao, J.; Li, X. G. Prediction of polycarbonate degradation in natural atmospheric environment of China based on BP-ANN model with screened environmental factors.Chem. Eng. J.2020,399, 125878..

Zhang, F.; Cao, Y. F.; Liu, X.; Xu, H.; Lu, D. N.; Yang, R. How small molecules affect the thermo-oxidative aging mechanism of polypropylene: a reactive molecular dynamics study.Polymers2021,13, 1243..

Meng, X. Z.; Yang, R. How formaldehyde affects the thermo-oxidative and photo-oxidative mechanism of polypropylene: a DFT/TD-DFT study.Polym. Degrad. Stabil.2022,205, 110131..

Meng, X. Z.; Ye, Y.; Yang, R. Computational and experimental study on the mechanism of CO2production during photo-oxidative degradation of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate): Differences between PBA and PBT segments.Macromolecules2023,56, 7749−7762..

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

End-life Prediction of Commercial PLA Used for Food Packaging through Short Term TGA Experiments: Real Chance or Low Reliability?