Processable Main-chain Benzoxazine Resin Derived from Daidzein with Intrinsic Flame Retardancy

Chao-Fan Hu; Jin-Yue Dai; Jing-Kai Liu; Shuai-Peng Wang; Li Jia; Hui Zhang; Xiao-Qing Liu

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3676-8

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Processable Main-chain Benzoxazine Resin Derived from Daidzein with Intrinsic Flame Retardancy

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2026-06-09

- Processable Main-chain Benzoxazine Resin Derived from Daidzein with Intrinsic Flame Retardancy
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 44, Issue 8, Pages: 2637-2647(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  a.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
  b.Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
  c.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Author bio：
  
  daijinyue@nimte.ac.cn (J.Y.D.)
  krista9150@sina.com (H.Z.)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3676-8
  CLC：
- Received：13 February 2026，
  
  Accepted：18 March 2026，
  
  Online First：09 June 2026，
  
  Published：15 August 2026
- Accepted：
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Hu, C. F.; Dai, J. Y.; Liu, J. K.; Wang, S. P.; Jia, L.; Zhang, H.; Liu, X. Q. Processable main-chain benzoxazine resin derived from daidzein with intrinsic flame retardancy. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 2637–2647

Chao-Fan Hu, Jin-Yue Dai, Jing-Kai Liu, et al. Processable Main-chain Benzoxazine Resin Derived from Daidzein with Intrinsic Flame Retardancy[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(8): 2637-2647.
Hu, C. F.; Dai, J. Y.; Liu, J. K.; Wang, S. P.; Jia, L.; Zhang, H.; Liu, X. Q. Processable main-chain benzoxazine resin derived from daidzein with intrinsic flame retardancy. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 2637–2647 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3676-8.

Chao-Fan Hu, Jin-Yue Dai, Jing-Kai Liu, et al. Processable Main-chain Benzoxazine Resin Derived from Daidzein with Intrinsic Flame Retardancy[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(8): 2637-2647. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3676-8.

摘要

A daidzein-based benzoxazine resin achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating (LOI 40.2%) and 62.7% char yield

via

condensed/gas-phase synergy. Its glass fiber composite exhibited a flexural strength of 748.4 MPa and impact strength of 329.8 kJ/m

Abstract

The development of intrinsically flame-retardant

low-smoke

low-toxicity

and halogen-free polymers represents a critical challenge. In this study

bio-based daidzein was employed as a partial phenolic source

and a series of main-chain benzoxazine resins (Dz-Ph-ddm) was synthesized

via

Mannich condensation with phenol

4′-diaminodiphenylmethane

and paraformaldehyde. The effects of daidzein content on the thermal stability

flame retardancy

mechanical properties

and char-forming behavior of cured resins were investigated. The results indicate that the rigid aromatic structure and benzopyranone unit of daidzein significantly promoted the formation of a dense and continuous char layer

achieving gas- and condensed-phase synergistic flame retardancy. With 20 mol% of daidzein addition

the resin exhibited a glass transition temperature (

) of 259.6 °C

the char yield at 800 °C increased by 42.5% compared to the control group

a UL-94 V-0 rating

and a 30.9% reduction in total heat release (THR) in cone calorimetry tests. The glass fiber-reinforced composite prepared using this resin as the matrix showed a 100.6% improvement in impact strength

with flexural and compressive strengths reaching 748.4 and 340.8 MPa

respectively. Moreover

it demonstrated good fire safety performance even in an 80 kPa low-pressure combustion environment. This work provides a facile strategy for the preparation of high-performance eco-friendly flame-retardant composites.

关键词

Keywords

references

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