Hypercrosslinked Porous Organic Polymers from Tetraaniline and Anthraquinone for High-capacitance, Long-life Supercapacitors

Xiao-Qian Gong; Xin-Ze-Yu Zhang; Yi-Fei Zhou; Yi Shi; Yu-Meng Zhang; Jia-Wei Hu; Peng-Cheng Li; Wei Lyu; Yao-Zu Liao

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3623-8

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Hypercrosslinked Porous Organic Polymers from Tetraaniline and Anthraquinone for High-capacitance, Long-life Supercapacitors

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2026-07-01

- Hypercrosslinked Porous Organic Polymers from Tetraaniline and Anthraquinone for High-capacitance, Long-life Supercapacitors
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 44, Issue 7, Pages: 2212-2225(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Author bio：
  
  wlyu@dhu.edu.cn (W.L.)
  yzliao@dhu.edu.cn (Y.Z.L.)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3623-8
  CLC：
- Received：23 December 2025，
  
  Revised：2026-02-06，
  
  Accepted：14 February 2026，
  
  Online First：22 June 2026，
  
  Published：05 July 2026
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Gong, X. Q.; Zhang, X. Z. Y.; Zhou, Y. F.; Shi, Y.; Zhang, Y. M.; Hu, J. W.; Li, P. C.; Lyu, W.; Liao, Y. Z. Hypercrosslinked porous organic polymers from tetraaniline and anthraquinone for high-capacitance, long-life supercapacitors. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 2212–2225

Xiao-Qian Gong, Xin-Ze-Yu Zhang, Yi-Fei Zhou, et al. Hypercrosslinked Porous Organic Polymers from Tetraaniline and Anthraquinone for High-capacitance, Long-life Supercapacitors[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(7): 2212-2225.
Gong, X. Q.; Zhang, X. Z. Y.; Zhou, Y. F.; Shi, Y.; Zhang, Y. M.; Hu, J. W.; Li, P. C.; Lyu, W.; Liao, Y. Z. Hypercrosslinked porous organic polymers from tetraaniline and anthraquinone for high-capacitance, long-life supercapacitors. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 2212–2225 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3623-8.

Xiao-Qian Gong, Xin-Ze-Yu Zhang, Yi-Fei Zhou, et al. Hypercrosslinked Porous Organic Polymers from Tetraaniline and Anthraquinone for High-capacitance, Long-life Supercapacitors[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(7): 2212-2225. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3623-8.

摘要

A redox-active hypercrosslinked polymer integrating tetraaniline and anthraquinone enables high-capacitance and long-life supercapacitors by constructing a hierarchical porous architecture with high-density redox-active sites.

Abstract

Hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors owing to their rigid three-dimensional networks and excellent structural stability; however

their electrochemical performance is often limited by an over-reliance on electric double-layer capacitance or insufficient redox-active sites. Herein

we report a series of hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) constructed from tetraaniline (TANI) and 2

6-diaminoanthraquinone (DAQ) to integrate abundant redox-active sites with robust three-dimensional porous networks for high-capacitance and long-life supercapacitor electrodes. By tuning the TANI-to-DAQ molar ratio

the optimized TADA11-HCP exhibits a hierarchical micro-/mesoporous architecture for exposed active sites and facilitated mass diffusion

along with the lowest optical bandgap (acid-treated) among the series for fast electron transport. Benefiting from the combined advantages of structural strength

hierarchical porosity

and an optimized electronic structure

TADA11-HCP achieves 700 F·g

−1

at 1 A·g

−1

and retains 92% capacitance after 10000 cycles

demonstrating excellent cycling stability. A flexible quasi-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor further demonstrates 278.4 F·g

−1

and an energy density of 38.7 Wh·kg

−1

highlighting the practical potential of TADA-HCPs for advanced supercapacitor applications. This work demonstrates an effective molecular-level strategy to enhance the capacitance of HCP-based electrodes while

maintaining long-term stability

providing insights into the rational design of high-performance HCPs for supercapacitor applications.

关键词

Keywords

references

Seenivasan, S.; Adhikari, S.; Sivagurunathan, A. T.; Kim, D. H. Supercapatteries: Unlocking the potential of battery-supercapacitor fusion. Energy Environ. Sci. 2025 , 18 , 1054−1095..

Shin, S. J.; Gittins, J. W.; Balhatchet, C. J.; Walsh, A.; Forse, A. C. Metal-organic framework supercapacitors: challenges and opportunities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023 , 34 , 2308497..

Bhaduri, A.; Kim, C. E.; Ha, T. J. Recent developments in materials design for advanced supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Mater. 2025 , 8 , e70070..

Banerjee, S.; Mordina, B.; Sinha, P.; Kar, K. K. Recent advancement of supercapacitors: a current era of supercapacitor devices through the development of electrical double layer, pseudo and their hybrid supercapacitor electrodes. J. Energy Storage 2025 , 108 , 115075..

Iqbal, R.; Badshah, A.; Ma, Y. J.; Zhi, L. J. An electrochemically stable 2D covalent organic framework for high-performance organic supercapacitors. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 38 , 558−564..

Iqbal, R.; Ahmad, A.; Mao, L. J.; Ghazi, Z. A.; Imani, A.; Lu, C. X.; Xie, L. J.; Melhi, S.; Su, F. Y.; Chen, C. M.; Zhi, L.; Wei, Z. X. A high energy density self-supported and bendable organic electrode for redox supercapacitors with a wide voltage window. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 38 , 522−530..

Eftekhari, A.; Li, L.; Yang, Y. Polyaniline supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 2017 , 347 , 86−107..

Yan, S.; Guo, Z. F.; Ge, Z. Q.; Zhang, B. Y.; Zhang, Y. R.; Li, Y. S.; Wang, M. Z.; Ge, X. W. Study on the radiation synthesis mechanism and the electrochemical property of polyaniline. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025 , 43 , 328−340..

Xie, M.; Kim, J. W.; Yang, Z.; Uemura, S.; Anderson, M.; Katsuyama, Y.; Kroes, B. C.; Chang, X.; Lin, C. W.; Kaner, R. B. Heterophase reduction of the fully oxidized aniline tetramer. ACS Mater. Lett. 2025 , 7 , 675−681..

Lin, C. W.; Chang,X.; Wang, Y.; Kaner, R. B. Conjugated aniline oligomers: more than just short pieces of conducting polyaniline. Acc. Chem. Res. 2025 , 58 , 3494−3505..

Wang, H.; Yu, Z.; El-Kady, M. F.; Anderson, M.; Kowal, M. D.; Li, M.; Kaner, R. B. Graphene/oligoaniline based supercapacitors: towards conducting polymer materials with high rate charge storage. Energy Storage Mater. 2019 , 19 , 137−147..

Yan, J.; Yang, L.; Cui, M.; Wang, X.; Chee, K. J.; Nguyen, V. C.; Kumar, V.; Sumboja, A.; Wang, M.; Lee, P. S. Aniline tetramer-graphene oxide composites for high performance supercapacitors. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014 , 4 , 1400781..

Tong, X.; Sheng, G.; Yang, D.; Li, S.; Lin, C. W.; Zhang, W.; Chen, Z.; Wei, C.; Yang, X.; Shen, F.; Shao, Y.; Wei, H.; Zhu, Y.; Sun, J.; Kaner, R. B.; Shao, Y. Crystalline tetra-aniline with chloride interactions towards a biocompatible supercapacitor. Mater. Horiz. 2022 , 9 , 383−392..

[Chang, X.; El-Kady, M. F.; Huang, A.; Lin, C. W.; Aguilar, S.; Anderson, M.; Zhu, J. Z. J.; Kaner, R. B. 3D graphene network with covalently grafted aniline tetramer for ultralong-life supercapacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater . 2021, 31 , 2102397..

Tan, L.; Tan, B. Hypercrosslinked porous polymer materi als: design, synthesis, and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017 , 46 , 3322−3356..

Wood, C. D.; Tan, B.; Trewin, A.; Niu, H. J.; Bradshaw, D.; Rosseinsky, M. J.; Khimyak, Y. Z.; Campbell, N. L.; Kirk, R.; Stöckel, E.; Cooper, A. I. Hydrogen storage in microporous hypercrosslinked organic polymer networks. Chem. Mater. 2007 , 19 , 2034−2048..

Germain, J.; Fréchet, J. M. J.; Svec, F. Hypercrosslinked polyanilines with nanoporous structure and high surface area: potential adsorbents for hydrogen storage. J. Mater. Chem. 2007 , 17 , 4989−4997..

Mohamed, M. G.; El-Mahdy, A. F. M.; Kotp, M. G.; Kuo, S.W. Advances in porous organic polymers: syntheses, structures, and diverse applications. Mater. Adv. 2022 , 3 , 707−733..

Sun, H.; Li, J.; Liang, W.; Gong, X.; Jing, A.; Yang, W.; Liu, H.; Ren, S. Porous organic polymers as active electrode materials for energy storage applications. Small Methods 2024 , 8 , e2301335..

Vinodh, R.; Gopi, C. V. V. M.; Kummara, V. G. R.; Atchudan, R.; Ahamad, T.; Sambasivam, S.; Yi, M.; Obaidat, I. M.; Kim, H. J. A review on porous carbon electrode material derived from hypercross-linked polymers for supercapacitor applications. J. Energy Storage 2020 , 32 , 101831..

Mohamed, M. G.; Zhang, X.; Mansoure, T. H.; El-Mahdy, A. F. M.; Huang, C. F.; Danko, M.; Xin, Z.; Kuo, S. W. Hypercrosslinked porous organic polymers based on tetraphenylanthraquinone for CO 2 uptake and high-performance supercapacitor. Polymer 2020 , 205 , 122857..

Goudar, S. H.; Dash, R.; Babu, D. J.; Kurra, N.; Venkata Rao, K. Rational design strategy for the synthesis of hyper-cross-linked polymers using dipolar π-systems and proton sorption induced pseudocapacitance. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2025 , 8 , 4494−4500..

Kotp, M. G.; Kuo, S. W. Enhanced electrochemical performance of polyaniline and hyper-crosslinked porous polymer composite for advanced supercapacitor applications. Electrochim. Acta 2025 , 531 , 146440..

Bi, J.; Bao, K.; Zhao, M.; Zha, Y.; Chen, T.; Huang, C.; Lv, Z. Novel phenol-functionalized hypercrosslinked polymer for efficient tetracycline and iodine adsorption. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2025 , 688 , 162385..

[Yin, Q.; Xiao, L.; Wei, Q.; Meng, C.; He, Y.; Song, S.; Zhou, Y.; Qiang, R.; Yang, Y.; Li, Z.; Hu, Z. 2,6-Diaminoanthraquinone covalently crosslinked graphene network noncovalently modified by indanthrone as an organic molecular electrode for supercapacitor. J. Energy Storage 2025, 107 , 114841..

Liao, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhu, M.; Thomas, A. Efficient supercapacitor energy storage using conjugated microporous polymer networks synthesized from buchwald-hartwig coupling. Adv. Mater. 2018 , 30 , e1705710..

Liu, H.; Teng, L.; He, W.; Duan, J.; Gong, X.; Mi, X.; Zhuang, Y.; Sun, B.; Lyu, W.; Liao, Y. Synergistic modulation of band gap and porosity in conjugated microporous polymers for high-rate lithium-ion storage. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2025 , 8 , 9760−9769..

Vicha, J.; Novotný, J.; Komorovský, S.; Straka, M.; Kaupp, M.; Marek, R. Relativistic heavy-neighbor-atom effects on NMR shifts: concepts and trends across the periodic table. Chem. Rev. 2020 , 120 , 7065−7103..

Begni, F.; Gul lo, F.; Paul, G.; Rea, R.; Ferrari, M. C.; Mangano, E.; Cossi, M.; Gatti, G.; Marchese, L. Optimization of the friedel-crafts alkylation for the synthesis of hyper-cross-linked polymers. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2022 , 4 , 5281−5286..

Sharma, V.; Khilari, S.; Pradhan, D.; Mohanty, P. Solvothermally synthesized nanoporous hypercrosslinked polyaniline: Studies of the gas sorption and charge storage behavior. RSC Adv. 2016 , 6 , 56421−56428..

Zhao, Q.; Ni, Y.; Lu, Y.; Xie, W.; Li, H.; Yan, Z.; Zhang, K.; Li, Y.; Chen, J. Dual active site covalent organic framework anode enables stable aqueous proton batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202424025..

Gokkus, K. New hyper-crosslinked polymers for enhanced CO 2 adsorption: synthesis and characterization. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 2025 , 45 , 102015..

Kruk, M.; Jaroniec, M. Gas adsorption characterization of ordered organic-inorganic nanocomposite materials. Chem. Mater. 2001 , 13 , 3169−3183..

Bhadra, S.; Khastgir, D. Extri nsic and intrinsic structural change during heat treatment of polyaniline. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2008 , 93 , 1094−1099..

Señorans, S.; Valencia, I.; Merino, E.; Iglesias, M.; Fernández-Rodríguez, M. A.; Maya, E. M. Hyper-cross-linked porous polymer featuring B-N covalent bonds (HCP-BNs): a stable and efficient metal-free heterogeneous photocatalyst. ACS Macro Lett. 2023 , 12 , 949−954..

Li, M.; Liu, J.; Li, Y.; Xing, G.; Yu, X.; Peng, C.; Chen, L. Skeleton engineering of isostructural 2D covalent organic frameworks: orthoquinone redox-active sites enhanced energy storage. CCS Chem. 2021 , 3 , 696−706..

Zhang, X.; Teng, L.; Chen, J.; Gong, X.; Liu, H.; Duan, J.; Jiang, L.; Hou, X.; Lyu, W.; Liao, Y. Conjugated microporous polymers via a one-pot buchwald-hartwig/suzuki-miyaura double-coupling for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2026 , 701 , 138671..

Lyu, W.; Yan, C.; Chen, Z.; Chen, J.; Zuo, H.; Teng, L.; Liu, H.; Wang, L.; Liao, Y. Spirobifluorene-based conjugated microporous polymer-grafted carbon nanotubes for efficient supercapacitive energy storage. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022 , 5 , 3706−3714..

Yang, Y.; Ma, W.; Zhu, H.; Meng, H.; Wang, C.; Ma, F.; Hu, Z. Graphene covalently functionalized with 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone (DQ) as a high performance electrode material for supercapacitors. New J. Chem. 2020 , 44 , 16821−16830..

Yuan, W.; Weng, J.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, P.; Ding, M.; Chen, S.; Zhou, P.; Zhou, J. A novel hierarchical porous covalent organic framework as multi-active-center anode for high-performance sodium ion capacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024 , 35 , 2415402..

Li, H.; Cao, M.; Wang, R.; Xiong, P.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, L.; Chao, D.; Zhang, C. Design strategy for small-molecule organic cathodes: Regulated active groups enable high capacity and voltage in aqueous and seawater aluminum ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202508057..

[Ren, J.; Su, X.; Zhang, X.; Yan, X.; Wang, H. G.; Chen, L. A pyrazine-based two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic framework for air self-charging aqueous zinc-ion batteries. CCS Chem . 2026 , 8 , 341−349..

Wang, J.; Polleux, J.; Lim, J.; Dunn, B. Pseudocapacitive contributions to electrochemical energy storage in TiO 2 (anatase) nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007 , 111 , 14925−14931..

Augustyn, V.; Simon, P.; Dunn, B. Pseudocapacitive oxide materials for high-rate electrochemical energy storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014 , 7 , 1597−1614..

Zuo, H.; Duan, J.; Lyu, B.; Lyu, W.; Li, Y.; Mei, X.; Liao, Y. Carbon nanotube template-assisted synthesis of conjugated microporous polytriphenylamine with high porosity for efficient supercapacitive energy storage. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2023 , 45 , 2300238..

Biradar, M. R.; Rao, C. R. K.; Bhosale, S. V.; Bhosale, S. V. Flame-retardant 3D covalent organic framework for high-performance symmetric supercapacitors. Energy Fuels 2023 , 37 , 4671−4681..

Liu, X.; Yang, F.; Wu, L.; Zhou, Q.; Ren, R.; Lv, Y. k. Ionic liquid-loaded covalent organic frameworks with favorable electrochemical properties as a potential electrode material. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2022 , 336 , 111906..

Hu, D.; Jia, Y.;Yang, S.; Huang, F.; Dong, Y.; Du, P. Redox-active 2D porous organic polymers for high-performance supercapacitor. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2023 , 123 , 320−329..

Yang, Z.; Liu, J.; Li, Y.; Zhang, G.; Xing, G.; Chen, L. Arylamine-linked 2D covalent organic frameworks for efficient pseudocapacitive energy storage. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021 , 60 , 20754−20759..

Li, L.; Lu, F.; Xue, R.; Ma, B.; Li, Q.; Wu, N.; Liu, H.; Yao, W.; Guo, H.; Yang, W. Ultrastable triazine-based covalent organic framework with an interlayer hydrogen bonding for supercapacitorapplications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019 , 11 , 26355−26363..

Biradar, M. R.; Salkar, A. V.; Morajkar, P. P.; Bhosale, S. V.; Bhosale, S. V. Pyrazine-based organic electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor applications. J. Energy Storage 2022 , 48 , 103953..

Sun, T.; Li, Z. J.; Yang, X.; Wang, S.; Zhu, Y. H.; Zhang, X. B. Imine-rich poly(o-phenylenediamine) as high-capacity trifunctional organic electrode for alkali-ion batteries. CCS Chem. 2019 , 1 , 365−372..

Yin, C.; Pan, C.; Pan, Y.; Hu, J.; Fang, G. Proton self-doped polyaniline with high electrochemical activity for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Small Methods 2023 , 7 , e2300574..

Simon, P.; Gogotsi, Y. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nat. Mater. 2008 , 7 , 845−854..

Gong, X.; Zhang, X.; Wang, D.; Jing, C.; Zhang, Y. X. Three-dimensional graphene aerogel materials for supercapacitors: Strategies and mechanisms. Energy Environ. Mater. 2025 , 8 , e70054..

Teng, L.; Duan, J.; Liu, H.; Zhang, X.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Hong, J.; Lyu, W.; Liao, Y. A conjugated microporous polymer-graphene composite porous sandwich-like film for highly efficient flexible supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2024 , 12 , 12423−12434..

Li, C.; Zhu, X.; Wang, D.; Yang, S.; Zhang, R.; Li, P.; Fan, J.; Li, H.; Zhi, C. Fine tuning water states in hydrogels for high voltage aqueous batteries. ACS Nano 2024 , 18 , 3101−3114..

Arvas, M. B.; Yaylagül, S.; Uzbiçen, K.; Koçyiğit, N.; Yağci, Ö. Impact of boehmite and gibbsite on the supercapacitor performances of polypyrrole: γ -AlO(OH)/PPy/CF and γ -Al(OH) 3 /PPy/CF flexible and wearable nanocomposites. J. Alloys Compd. 2025 , 1016 , 178879..

Tian, Y.; Yang, Y.; Wu, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Li, Y.;Wang, J.; Liu, S.; Wang, C. Electropolymerization of 5-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid and their application as the electrode material for supercapacitors. J. Energy Storage 2023 , 72 , 108308..

Vinodh, R.; Muralee Gopi, C. V. V.; Yang, Z.; Deviprasath, C.; Atchudan, R.; Raman, V.; Yi, M.; Kim, H. J. Novel electrode material derived from porous polymeric organic framework of phloroglucinol and terephthaldehyde for symmetric supercapacitors. J. Energy Storage 2020 , 28 , 101283..

[Ha, N. T.; Yip, B. R. P.; Kusherbayev, A.; Bui Thi Thu, T.; Pham, T. T.; Bazan, G. C.; Nguyen, D. T. Exploring self-doped conjugated polyelectrolytes for all-polymer solid-state supercapacitors. ACS Appl. Energy Mater . 2025 , 8 , 18346−18354..

Dong, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Lai , Q.; Yang, Y. Carbon-based elastic foams supported redox-active covalent organic frameworks for flexible supercapacitors. Chem. Eng. J. 2022 , 449 , 137858..

Yao, M.; Guo, C.; Geng, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, X.; Zhao, X.; Wang, Y. Construction of anthraquinone-containing covalent organic frameworks/graphene hybrid films for a flexible high-performance microsupercapacitor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2022 , 61 , 7480−7488..

Habib, H.; Wani, I. S.; Husain, S. High performance nanostructured symmetric reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline supercapacitor electrode: effect of polyaniline morphology. J. Energy Storage 2022 , 55 , 105732..

Jiang, Y.; Ou, J.; Luo, Z.; Chen, Y.; Wu, Z.; Wu, H.; Fu, X.; Luo, S.; Huang, Y. High capacitive antimonene/CNT/PANI free-standing electrodes for flexible supercapacitor engaged with self-healing function. Small 2022 , 18 , e2201377..

Zhao, Z.; Xu, A.; Zhang, S.; Cao, W.; Zhu, Y.; Yin, L.; Qin, Y. Scalable one-step synthesis of graphene/polyaniline films via dual-functional H 2 SO 4 for supercapacitor electrodes. Langmuir 2025 , 41 , 24408−24417..

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Ion-conducting Membranes Based on Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers Modified by Poly(sodium acrylate-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)

Understanding Self-assembly, Colloidal Behavior and Rheological Properties of Graphene Derivatives for High-performance Supercapacitor Fabrication

Highly Stretchable and Conductive Hybrid Fibers for High-performance Fibrous Electrodes and All-solid-state Supercapacitors

Sequence-encoded Conformation Pathways in Viscoelastic Microphase Separation of Multiblock Copolymers

Upgrading Commercially Available Polyethylene to High-value Materials with Strong Mechanical Performance and Hydrophilicity by Blending with Ethylene/meta-Methoxystyrene Copolymers

Related Author

Elizaveta V. Batishcheva

Nikolay N. Smirnov

Natalya V. Bobrova

Maria P. Sokolova

Michael A. Smirnov

Bo Tang

Zhi-Yuan Xiong

Xiao-Gong Wang

Related Institution

Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, Saint Petersburg

Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University

Department of Chemical and Bio-molecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne

State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University

⁰