Hydrophobicity Regulated Coacervate Droplet Size and the Thermal Protection Against Denaturation of Enzyme

Ming-Zhe Zhao; Kong-Ying Zhu; Xiao-Yan Yuan; Li-Xia Ren

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3589-6

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Hydrophobicity Regulated Coacervate Droplet Size and the Thermal Protection Against Denaturation of Enzyme

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2026-04-30

- Hydrophobicity Regulated Coacervate Droplet Size and the Thermal Protection Against Denaturation of Enzyme
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 44, Issue 5, Pages: 1513-1527(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  a.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
  b.Analysis and Measurement Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Author bio：
  
  lxren@tju.edu.cn
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3589-6
  CLC：
- Received：18 November 2025，
  
  Revised：2026-01-13，
  
  Accepted：25 January 2026，
  
  Online First：17 April 2026，
  
  Published：05 May 2026
- Accepted：
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Zhao, M. Z.; Zhu, K. Y.; Yuan, X. Y.; Ren, L. X. Hydrophobicity regulated coacervate droplet size and the thermal protection against denaturation of enzyme. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1513–1527

Ming-Zhe Zhao, Kong-Ying Zhu, Xiao-Yan Yuan, et al. Hydrophobicity Regulated Coacervate Droplet Size and the Thermal Protection Against Denaturation of Enzyme[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(5): 1513-1527.
Zhao, M. Z.; Zhu, K. Y.; Yuan, X. Y.; Ren, L. X. Hydrophobicity regulated coacervate droplet size and the thermal protection against denaturation of enzyme. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1513–1527 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3589-6.

Ming-Zhe Zhao, Kong-Ying Zhu, Xiao-Yan Yuan, et al. Hydrophobicity Regulated Coacervate Droplet Size and the Thermal Protection Against Denaturation of Enzyme[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(5): 1513-1527. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3589-6.

摘要

A strategy for regulating the coacervate droplet size and inducing a liquid-to-solid phase transition was developed. As the hydrophobic block length increases

the droplet size decreases

eventually leading to precipitation

accompanied by reduced thermal protection by glucose oxidase. This insight advances size-controllable biomimetic system design and disease-related phase transition understanding.

Abstract

Membrane-less organelles (MLOs)

formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of biomolecules in cells

play crucial roles in cellular function such as gene expression

epigenetics

cellular metabolism

and so on. Moreover

the function of MLOs is closely related to the size of their droplets. Synthetic coacervates

which mimic MLOs

show great potential in cell biomimicry

drug delivery

and functioning as nanoreactors. However

the droplet size regulation of coacervates excluding concentration is challenging. In this work

synthetic coacervates are formed by poly(hydroxypropyl acrylate) (PHPA)

which undergoes lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type coacervation driven by hydrophobic interactions under physiological conditions. The size of the coacervate droplets is regulated by incorporating a more hydrophobic block

poly(di(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate) (PDEGA); the droplet size decreases from 5 μm to 234 nm as the PDEGA block length increases. Additionally

liquid-to-solid phase transition (LSPT) is observed with further increase in the PDEGA block. Thus

both droplet siz

e and LSPT are controlled by the hydrophobicity of the block copolymers. The LCST-type coacervate shows thermal protection of enzymes such as glucose oxidase

which decreases as the size of coacervate droplets decreases

while the precipitates offer no protection activity. Furthermore

glucose oxidase (GOx) retains over 85% of its activity after 3 h of treatment at 60 °C with PHPA

coacervate. The hydrophobicity-tuned size control of coacervate droplets and LSPT bring insight into the molecular mechanism of coacervate phase change and facilitates the design of coacervate for biomimicking applications.

关键词

Keywords

references

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