Polymer-integrated Covalent Organic Frameworks (PolyCOFs): Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Covalently Integrating Polymer for Advanced Applications

Jin Li; Qiong-Yu Shi; Hong-Xia Ren; Yao Chen; Zhen-Jie Zhang

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3836-x

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Polymer-integrated Covalent Organic Frameworks (PolyCOFs): Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Covalently Integrating Polymer for Advanced Applications

REVIEW | Updated：2026-10-23

- Polymer-integrated Covalent Organic Frameworks (PolyCOFs): Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Covalently Integrating Polymer for Advanced Applications
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 44, Pages: 1-18(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  a.State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
  b.Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
  c.College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
  d.Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
  e.Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen Futian), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
  f.Nankai Cangzhou Bohai New Area Green Chemical Research Co., LTD., Cangzhou 061100, China
- Author bio：
  
  csxh3605@nankai.edu.cn (H.X.R.)
  zhangzhenjie@nankai.edu.cn (Z.J.Z.)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3836-x
  CLC：
- Received：12 May 2026，
  
  Accepted：08 August 2026，
  
  Online First：23 October 2026，
  
  Published：2026-09
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Li, J.; Shi, Q. Y.; Ren, H. X.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, Z. J. Polymer-integrated covalent organic frameworks (polyCOFs): covalent organic frameworks (COFs) covalently integrating polymer for advanced applications. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3836-x

Jin Li, Qiong-Yu Shi, Hong-Xia Ren, et al. Polymer-integrated Covalent Organic Frameworks (PolyCOFs): Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Covalently Integrating Polymer for Advanced Applications[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-18.
Li, J.; Shi, Q. Y.; Ren, H. X.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, Z. J. Polymer-integrated covalent organic frameworks (polyCOFs): covalent organic frameworks (COFs) covalently integrating polymer for advanced applications. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3836-x DOI：

Jin Li, Qiong-Yu Shi, Hong-Xia Ren, et al. Polymer-integrated Covalent Organic Frameworks (PolyCOFs): Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Covalently Integrating Polymer for Advanced Applications[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-18. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3836-x.

摘要

Abstract

Polymer-integrated covalent organic frameworks (polyCOFs) are a promising class of hybrid materials. They combine the well-ordered crystalline architectures and high porosity of conventional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with the flexibility

processability

and mechanical robustness of the polymers. These hybrid materials are crafted by integrating polymer chains into COFs using a variety of approaches

including pre-synthetic

post-synthetic

and in-framework polymerization techniques. Such integration not only bolsters the structural stability of COFs

but also facilitates their dimensional expansion

thereby paving the way for their utilization across a broad spectrum of domains

including catalysis

energy storage

sensing

and biomedical applications. This feature article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in polyCOF synthesis

their inherent properties

and rapidly expanding applications

while also offering valuable insights into prospective avenues for further advancement of polyCOF materials.

关键词

Keywords

references

Côté, A. P.; Benin, A. I.; Ockwig, N. W.; O’Keeffe, M.; Matzger, A. J.; Yaghi, O. M. Porous, crystalline, covalent organic frameworks. Science 2005 , 310 , 1166−1170..

Li, Q.; Zhu, Y.; Pan, T.; Zhang, G.; Pang, H. Covalent organ ic framework nanomaterials: syntheses, architectures, and applications. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025 , 339 , 103427..

[Wang, C.; Zhang, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Yang, C.; Wu, J.; Hu, W. 2D covalent organic frameworks: from synthetic strategies to advanced optical-electrical-magnetic functionalities. Adv. Mater . 2022 , 34 , 2102290..

Guan, X.; Chen, F.; Qiu, S.; Fang, Q. Three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks: from synthesis to applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023 , 62 , e202213203..

Liu, H.; Zhu, S.; Zhi, Y.; Yue, H.; Liu, X. Donor–acceptor type covalent organic frameworks: design, optimization strategies and applications. Chem. Sci. 2025 , 16 , 12768−12803..

Huang, N.; Wang, P.; Jiang, D. Covalent organic frameworks: a materials platform for structural and functional designs. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016 , 1 , 16068..

Sahoo, R.; Mondal, S.; Pal, S. C.; Mukherjee, D.; Das, M. C. Covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) as proton conductors. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021 , 11 , 2102300..

Gui, B.; Liu, X.; Cheng, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, P.; He, M.; Sun, J.; Wang, C. Tailoring the pore surface of 3D covalent organic frameworks via post-synthetic click chemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022 , 61 , e202113852..

Nagai, A.; Guo, Z.; Feng, X.; Jin, S.; Chen, X.; Ding, X.; Jiang, D. Pore surface engineering in covalent organic frameworks. Nat. Commun. 2011 , 2 , 536..

Jia, Z.; Ji, N.; Qi, J.; Wang, T.; Che, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Zhao, J.; Jiao, Z.; Wang, K.; Zhang, W.; Zhu, W. H. Fused-heterocycle-linked covalent organic frameworks with enhanced chemical and photochemical stability for photocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202511245..

Yu, B.; Tao, Y.; Yao, X.; Jin, Y.; Liu, S.; Xu, T.; Wang, H.; Wu, H.; Zhou, W.; Zhou, X.; Ding, X.; Wang, X.; Xiao, X.; Zhang, Y. B.; Jiang, J. Single-crystalline 3D covalent organic frameworks with exceptionally high specific surface areas and gas storage capacities. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024 , 146 , 28932−28940..

Ge, S.; Wei, K.; Peng, W.; Huang, R.; Akinlabi, E.; Xia, H.; Shahzad, M. W.; Zhang, X.; Xu, B. B.; Jiang, J. A comprehensive review of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and their derivatives in environmental pollution control. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2024 , 53 , 11259−11302..

Sánchez-Naya, R.; Beuerle, F. A BODIPY-containing covalent organic framework as a highly porous photosensitizer for environmental remediation and pollutants adsorption. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202423676..

Liu, X.; Zhang, Z.; Peng, L.; Yang, J.; Jiang, Y.; Huang, R.; Luo, Y.; Xue, D.; Ding, S.; Yuan, D.; Liu, X.; Ding, L.; Fang, Y. A 4+3 β -ketoenamine-linked covalent organic framework membrane for high-performance film-based fluorescent NO 2 sensor. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2026 , 65 , e20736..

Wang, S.; Fu, Y.; Wang, F.; Wang, X.; Yang, Y.; Wang, M.; Wang, J.; Lin, E.; Ma, H.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, P.; Zhang, Z. Scalable melt polymerization synthesis of covalent organic framework films for room temperature low-concentration SO 2 detection. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024 , 146 , 33509−33517..

Zhang, Y.; Liang, Z.; Wang, K.; Cheng, P.; Chen, Y.; Zhao, B.; Zhang, Z. Mi croenvironment engineering vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks for highly efficient CO 2 photoreduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2026 , 148 , 16107−16118..

Jin, F. Z.; Wu, L. L.; Xu, F. L.; Lu, T. B. Construction of three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic synthesis of 2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2026 , 148 , 3513−3524..

Wang, H.; Yi, L.; Hu, G.; Zhou, X.; Deng, H. Rigidity reinforcement of 3D covalent organic frameworks by controlling interpenetration. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025 , 147 , 9067−9073..

Zeng, Y.; Zou, R.; Zhao, Y. Covalent organic frameworks for CO 2 capture. Adv. Mater. 2016 , 28 , 2855−2873..

Ge, L.; Qiao, C.; Tang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Jiang, X. Light-activated hypoxia-sensitive covalent organic framework for tandem-responsive drug delivery. Nano Lett. 2021 , 21 , 3218−3224..

Mitra, S.; Sasmal, H. S.; Kundu, T.; Kandambeth, S.; Illath, K.; Díaz Díaz, D.; Banerjee, R. Targeted drug delivery in covalent or ganic nanosheets (CONs) via sequential postsynthetic modification. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017 , 139 , 4513−4520..

Liang, J.; Ruan, J.; Njegic, B.; Rawal, A.; Scott, J.; Xu, J.; Boyer, C.;Liang, K. Insight into bioactivity of in-situ trapped enzyme-covalent-organic frameworks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023 , 62 , e202303001..

Zheng, D.; Zheng, Y.; Tan, J.; Zhang, Z.; Huang, H.; Chen, Y. Co-immobilization of whole cells and enzymes by covalent organic framework for biocatalysis process intensification. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 5510..

Rodríguez-San-Miguel, D.; Zamora, F. Processing of covalent organic frameworks: an ingredient for a material to succeed. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019 , 48 , 4375−4386..

Daliran, S.; Blanco, M.; Dhakshinamoorthy, A.; Oveisi, A. R.; Alemán, J.; García, H. Defects and disorder in covalent organic frameworks for advanced applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024 , 34 , 2312912..

Zha, J. W.; Wang, F.; Wan, B. Polymer composites with high thermal conductivity: theory, simulation, structure and interfacial regulation. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2025 , 148 , 101362..

Zhang, S. C.; Lu, X. H.; Liu, J.; Wu, J.; Jia, X.; Sun, B.; Gao, C.; Li, X.; Yu, Z. Z. A biomimetic thermal conduction network enables metal-level thermal conductivity in polymer nanocomposites. ACS Nano 2025 , 19 , 36663−36674..

Li, Q.; Huang, J. D.; Liu, T.; van der Pol, T. P. A.; Zhang, Q.; Jeong, S. Y.; Stoeckel, M. A.; Wu, H. Y.; Zhang, S.; Liu, X.; Woo, H. Y.; Fahlman, M.; Yang, C. Y.; Fabiano, S. A highly conductive n -type conjugated polymer synthesized in water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024 , 146 , 15860−15868..

Liu, C.; He, C.; Dai, X.; Yan, L. T.; Xu, H. Achieving mechanical evolution in polymer materials through phase evolution induced by visible light. Adv. Mater. 2025 , 37 , e08549..

Chakma, P.; Konkolewicz, D. Dynamic covalent bonds in polymeric materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019 , 58 , 9682−9695..

Taynton, P.; Yu, K.; Shoemaker, R. K.; Jin, Y.; Qi, H. J.; Zhang, W. Heat- or water-drivenmalleability in a highly recyclable covalent network polymer. Adv. Mater. 2014 , 26 , 3938−3942..

Niu, W.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, R.; Lu, Z.; Liu, X.; Sun, J. Remalleable, healable, and highly sustainable supramolecular polymeric materials combining superhigh strength and ultrahigh toughness. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020 , 12 , 30805−30814..

Zhou, T.; Wang, L.; Huang, X.; Unruangsri, J.; Zhang, H.; Wang, R.; Song, Q.; Yang, Q.; Li, W.; Wang, C.; Takahashi, K.; Xu, H.; Guo, J. PEG-stabilizedcoaxial stacking of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nat. Commun. 2021 , 12 , 3934..

Xie, Z.; Wang, B.; Yang, Z.; Yang, X.; Yu, X.; Xing, G.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, L. Stable 2D heteroporous covalent organic frameworks for efficient ionic conduction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019 , 58 , 15742−15746..

Jin, Y. H.; Li, M. H.; Yang, Y. W. Covalent organic frameworks for membrane separation. Adv. Sci. 2025 , 12 , 2412600..

Shen, J.; Zhang, R.; Su, Y.; Shi, B.; You, X.; Guo, W.; Ma, Y.; Yuan, J.; Wang, F.; Jiang, Z. Polydopamine-modulated covalent organic framework membranes for molecular separation. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019 , 7 , 18063−18071..

Fan, Y.; Feng, Y.; Li, G.; Bo, Y.; Wang, C.; Wang, D.; Qian, Y.; Ma, R.; Hu, Z.; Zhang, K.; Chen, J. Enhancing the filler utilization of composite gel electrolytes via in situ solution-processable method for sustainable sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2024 , 36 , 2413303..

Neumann, S. E.; Kwon, J.; Gropp, C.; Ma, L.; Giovine, R.; Ma, T.; Hanikel, N.; Wang, K.; Chen, T.; Jagani, S.; Ritchie, R. O.; Xu, T.; Yaghi, O. M. The propensity for covalent organic frameworks to template polymer entanglement. Science 2024 , 383 , 1337−1343..

Wang, Z.; Yu, Q.; Huang, Y.; An, H.; Zhao, Y.; Feng, Y.; Li, X.; Shi, X.; Liang, J.; Pan, F.; Cheng, P.; Chen, Y.; Ma, S.; Zhang, Z. PolyCOFs: a new class of freestanding responsive covalent organic framework membranes with high mechanical performance. ACS Cent. Sci. 2019 , 5 , 1352−1359..

[Yin, M.; Shi, F.; Yang, J. J.; Meng, J.; Gao, H.; Huang, M. H.; Tan, B.; Xue, Z. In situ polymerization-driven exfoliation of COFs: a universal strategy toward high-performance polymer organic cathodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2026 , 65 , e4518858..

Wang, H.; Zhao, J.; Li, Y.; Cao, Y.; Zhu, Z.; Wang, M.; Zhang, R.; Pan, F.; Jiang, Z. Aqueous two-phase interfacial assembly of COF membranes for water desalination. Nano Micro Lett. 2022 , 14 , 216..

Yang, N.; Li, J.; Li, L.; Zhou, X.; Gui, B.; Sun, J.; Wang, C. Linker-flexibility-induced triangular antiprism nodes in a three-dimensional covalent organic framework. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2026 , 148 , 21246−21251..

Weng, C.; Yuan, H.; Liu, W.; Ma, L.; Araujo, M.; Brandell, D.; Liu, J. Rigid vs flexible COFs: skeleton engineering strategies for enhancing lithium-ion storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 2026 , 16 , e70971..

Zou, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J.; He, P.; Fan, Z.; He, N.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Ma, L. Cooperative steric modulation of flexibility, disorder, and pore size in two-dimensional covalent organic framework membranes for enhanced selective ion sieving. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025 , 147 , 32580−32590..

Li, H.; Luo, Z.; Xue, Q.; Zhi, Y.; Du, J.; Zhou, X. Engineering channel microenvironment and charge dynamics in covalent organic frameworks through linkage-specific povarov cyclization for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chin. J. Catal. 2026 , 86 , 363−374..

Kang, C.; Zhang, Z.; Usadi, A. K.; Calabro, D. C.; Baugh, L. S.; Chai, K.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, D. Tunable interlayer shifting in two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks triggered by CO 2 sorption. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022 , 144 , 20363−20371..

Huang, P.; Hou, L. H.; Yang, M. Y.; Xiao, C.; Wu, Y. L.; Cai, S. J.; Guo, W. J.; Zhang, M.; Lu, M.; Lan, Y. Q. One-dimensional covalent organic frameworks: from design, synthesis to applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202507002..

Wang, T.; Hao, L.; Wu, S.; Lin, E.; Wang, K.; Wang, J.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J.; Zaworotko, M. J.; Cheng, P.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, Z. Single-crystal one-dimensional porous covalent organic frameworks. Nat. Synth. 2026 , 5 , 1080−1090..

Lin, E.; Wang, Z.; Zhao, X.; Liu, Z.; Yan, D.; Jin, F.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, P.; Zhang, Z. A class of rigid– flexible coupling crystalline crosslinked polymers as vapomechanical actuators. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022 , 61 , e202117390..

Shuang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, H.; Li, L.; Hao, X.; Ma, Z.; Wang, S.; Wang, J.; Wang, F.; Yang, X.; Guo, P.; Xu, F.; Wang, H.; Ye, Q.; Liu, W.; Jian, J.; Wang, H. Proton-mediated topological interlayer shift in 2D covalent organic frameworks for efficient photocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 2025 , 37 , 2500468..

[Ahmed, S. A.; Liao, Q. B.; Shen, Q.; Ashraf Baig, M. M. F.; Zhou, J.; Shi, C. F.; Muhammad, P.; Hanif, S.; Xi, K.; Xia, X. H.; Wang, K. pH-dependent slipping and exfoliation of layered covalent organic framework. Chem. Eur. J . 2020 , 26 , 12996−13001..

Jin, F.; Wang, T.; Zheng, H.; Lin, E.; Zheng, Y.; Hao, L.; Wang, T.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, P.; Yu, K.; Zhang, Z. Bottom-up synthesis of covalent organic frameworks with quasi-three-dimensional integrated architecture via interlayer cross-linking. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023 , 145 , 6507−6515..

Guan, X.; Chen, F.; Fang, Q.; Qiu, S. Design and applications of three dimensional covalent organic frameworks. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020 , 49 , 1357−1384..

Xue, S.; Ma, X.; Wang, Y.; Duan, G.; Zhang, C.; Liu, K.; Jiang, S. Advanced development of three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks: valency design, functionalization, and applications. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2024 , 504 , 215659..

Li, Z.; Li, H.; Guan, X.; Tang, J.; Yusran, Y.; Li, Z.; Xue, M.; Fang, Q.; Yan, Y.; Valtchev, V.; Qiu, S. Three-dimensional ionic covalent organic frameworks for rapid, reversible, and selective ion exchange. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017 , 139 , 17771−17774..

Li, H.; Chang, J.; Li, S.; Guan, X.; Li, D.; Li, C.; Tang, L.; Xue, M.; Yan, Y.; Valtchev, V.; Qiu, S.; Fang, Q. Three-dimensional tetrathiafulvalene-based covalent organic frameworks for tunable electrical conductivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019 , 141 , 13324−13329..

Ma, Y. X.; Li, Z. J.; Wei, L.; Ding, S. Y.; Zhang, Y. B.; Wang, W. A dynamic three-dimensional covalent organic framework. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017 , 139 , 4995−4998..

Bunck, D. N.; Dichtel, W. R. Internal functionalization of three-dimensional covalent organic fra meworks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012 , 51 , 1885−1889..

Wu, K.; Shi, X.; Yu, F.; Liu, H.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, M.; Liu, H. K.; Dou, S. X.; Wang, Y.; Wu, C. Molecularly engineered three-dimensional covalent organic framework protection films for highly stable zinc anodes in aqueous electrolyte. Energy Storage Mater. 2022 , 51 , 391−399..

Ren, Y.; Wu, W.; Lu, Y.; Li, J.; Liu, Y.; Jin, H.; Li, X.; Qu, X.; Yang, Z. Fluorescence visualization of strain by tetraphenylethylene/ruthenium complex three-dimensional covalent organic framework assemblies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025 , 147 , 20033−20044..

Xiao, Z.; Zhao, S.; Zhang, X.; Wei, G.; Su, Z. Recent advances in peptide engineering of PEG hydrogels: strategies, functional regulation, and biomedical applications. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2022 , 307 , 2200385..

Xiong, C.; Zhou, H.; Zhou, J.; Jarusarunchai, A.; Yan, N.; Kim, Y.; Nam, K.; Shin, D. M.; Lee, S. Large multichannel architectures in three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks for efficient guest diffusion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2026 , 148 , 15370−15376..

Zhang, Z.; Shan, M.; Li, L.; Zhou, J.; Cheng, L.; Guo, J.; Guo, S. Interlayer polymerization enables cross-plane conjugation in COFs for efficient photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production. J. Mater. Chem. A 2026 , 14 , 27742−27751..

Zhao, X.; Li, A. C.; Yang, D.; Wang, Y. H.; Mu, X.; Wang, C.; Tan, H. Q. Interlayer covalent bridging covalent organic polymers for highly efficient photocatalytic organic synthesis. Chem. Eng. J. 2025 , 520 , 165953..

Zhu, Y.; Shao, P.; Hu, L.; Sun, C.; Li, J.; Feng, X.; Wang, B. Construction of interlayer conjugated links in 2D covalent organic frameworks via topological polymerization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021 , 143 , 7897−7902..

Ma, S.; Li, H. N.; Gu, C. W.; Zhu, C. Y.; Xu, G. C.; Lv, M.; Zhang, C.; Xu, Z. K. Hydrogel-woven COF membranes with orthogonal, opposite thermoresponsive nanochannels: overcoming the permeance-selectivity trade-off. Adv. Mater. 2026 , 38 , e73948..

Liu, Z.; Zhang, K.; Huang, G.; Bian, S.; Huang, Y.; Jiang, X.; Pan, Y.; Wang, Y.; Xia, X.; Xu, B.; Zhang, G. Lithium-ion transport in covalent organic framework membrane. Chem. Eng. J. 2022 , 433 , 133550..

Wang, L.; Wang, C.; Ren, Y.; Yang, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Wu, W.; Wang, J. Free-standing polymer covalent organic framework membrane with high proton conductivity and structure stability. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2023 , 5 , 7562−7570..

Tao, X.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, Q. P.; Liu, N.; Sun, Y. L.; Niu, R. X.; Sun, R.; Wang, X.; Tan, B.; Zhang, C. Covalent organic framework nanohydrogels. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023 , 145 , 25471−25477..

Guo, X.; Mao, T.; Wang, Z.; Cheng, P.; Chen, Y.; Ma, S.; Zhang, Z. Fabrication of photoresponsive crystalline artificial muscles based on PEGylated covalent organic framework membranes. ACS Cent. Sci. 2020 , 6 , 787−794..

Hu, A.; Zhao, Y.; Hu, Q.; Chen, C.; Lu, X.; Cui, S.; Liu, B. Highly efficient solar steam evaporation via elastic polymer covalent organic frameworks monolith. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 9484..

You, J.; Yuan, F.; Cheng, S.; Kong, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Luo, X.; Xian, Y.; Zhang, C. AIEgen-based sp 2 carbon-conjuga ted covalent organic frameworks with high stability and emission for activatable imaging and ferroptosis in target tumor cells. Chem. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 7078−7089..

Ge, S.; Wang, X.; Zhao, X.; Yuan, L.; Bao, X.; Sun, C.; Gong, Z.; Guo, J.; Yuan, S.; Hu, D.; Yang, J.; Yuan, B.; Zhang, G. Responsive multi-arm PEG-modified COF nanocomposites: dynamic photothermal, pH/ROS dual-responsive, targeted carriers for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2024 , 13 , 2401744..

Senarathna, M. C.; Li, H.; Perera, S. D.; Torres-Correas, J.; Diwakara, S. D.; Boardman, S. R.; Al-Kharji, N. M.; Liu, Y.; Smaldone, R. A. Highly flexible dielectric films from solution processable covalent organic frameworks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023 , 62 , e202312617..

Xu, Q.; Tao, S.; Jiang, Q.; Jiang, D. Designing covalent organic frameworks with a tailored ionic interface for ion transport across one-dimensional channels. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020 , 59 , 4557−4563..

Ma, Y.; Wang, S.; Zhang, Z.; Cao, X.; Zhang, B.; Wu, D.; Chen, K.; Wang, W. J.; Liu, P. Grafting hollow covalent organic framework nanoparticles with thermal-responsive polymers for the controlled release of preservatives. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022 , 14 , 22982−22988..

Liu, Y.; Xiang, L.; Li, Y.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, H.; Liu, H.; Du, D.; Zhou, B.; Ye, B.; Li, S.; Yin, H.; Xu, H.; Zhang, Y. Bacteria-mediated tumor-targeting delivery of multienzyme-mimicking covalent organic frameworks promoting pyroptosis for combinatorial sono-catalytic immunotherapy. Adv. Sci. 2024 , 11 , 2407133..

Gong, Y.; Deng, L.; Xu, X.; Liu, R.; Li, J.; Huang, N.; Jiang, D. Wiring covalent organic frameworks with conducting polymers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024 , 63 , e202411806..

Chen, Z.; Fang, P.; Zou, X.; Shi, Z.; Zhang, J.; Sun, Z.; Guo, S.; Yan, F. Interlayer polymerization to construct a fully conjugated covalent organic framework as a metal-free oxygen reduction reaction catalyst for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Small 2024 , 20 , 2401880..

Jain, C.; Kushwaha, R.; Rase, D.; Shekhar, P.; Shelke, A.; Sonwani, D.; Ajithkumar, T. G.; Vinod, C. P.; Vaidhyanathan, R. Tailoring COFs: transforming nonconducting 2D layered COF into a conducting quasi-3D architecture via interlayer knitting with polypyrrole. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024 , 146 , 487−499..

Huang, Q. Q.; Li, N.; Han, M. S.; Liu, J.; Lan, Y. Q. Conductive knitting of covalent organic framework manipulates spin density, orbital reorganization, and charge mobility for outstanding photoreactivity. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202513848..

Mao, T.; Liu, Z.; Guo, X.; Wang, Z.; Liu, J.; Wang, T.; Geng, S.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, P.; Zhang, Z. Engineering covalent organic frameworks with polyethylene glycol as self-sustained humidity-responsive actuators. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023 , 62 , e202216318..

Zhu, Q.; Zheng, Y.; Yu, J.; Li, J.; Hu, H.; Wang, Z.; Shi, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, Y. Biomimetic transmembrane transport of multi-enzymes to fabricate heterogeneous bioreactors with photoenzymatic reduction of CO 2 . Nat. Commun. 2025 , 16 , 11254..

Zhu, Q.; Dong, P.; Yu, J.; Wang, Z.; Wang, T.; Qiao, S.; Liu, J.; Geng, S.; Zheng, Y.; Cheng, P.; Zaworotko, M. J.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, Y. COFcap2, a recyclable tandem catalysis reactor for nitrogen fixation and conversion to chiral amines. Nat. Commun. 2025 , 16 , 992..

Ren, L.; Chen, J .; Han, J.; Liang, J.; Wu, H. Anti-scaling covalent organic framework membranes with custom-tailored nanochannels for efficient lithium extraction. Chem. Eng. J. 2023 , 462 , 142112..

Jimenez-Solomon, M. F.; Song, Q.; Jelfs, K. E.; Munoz-Ibanez, M.; Livingston, A. G. Polymer nanofilms with enhanced microporosity by interfacial polymerization. Nat. Mater. 2016 , 15 , 760−767..

Mulzer, C. R.; Shen, L.; Bisbey, R. P.; McKone, J. R.; Zhang, N.; Abruña, H. D.; Dichtel, W. R. Superior charge storage and power density of a conducting polymer-modified covalent organic framework. ACS Cent. Sci. 2016 , 2 , 667−673..

Anbazhagan, R.; Krishnamoorthi, R.; Kumaresan, S.; Tsai, H. C. Thioether-terminated triazole-bridged covalent organic framework for dual-sensitive drug delivery application. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2021 , 120 , 111704..

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Design, Synthesis, and Photocatalytic Applications of sp2-Carbon-Conjugated Organic Frameworks

Amplified Dimensionality Effect from 2D to 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Fluorescent Sensing of Nitroaromatic Explosives

Recent Advances in Bio-Inspired Versatile Polydopamine Platforms for “Smart” Cancer Photothermal Therapy

Improvements of Hydrophobicity and Toughness of Epoxy Coatings Modified with Hydroxyl-terminated Fluororubber

End-to-End Neuron-inspired Signal Transduction Using Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Related Author

Tao Zhang

Wen-Kai Zhao

Guang-En Fu

Meng-Yao Chen

Yu-Xuan Huang

Jia-Long Song

Jun-Xia Ren

Bo Miao

Related Institution

Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials

Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau

State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University

⁰