

FOLLOWUS
a.Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China
b.The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
sym@hbnu.edu.cn (Y.M.S.)
sun.rui@whu.edu.cn (R.S.)
min.jie@whu.edu.cn (J.M.)
Received:02 June 2026,
Accepted:24 July 2026,
Online First:30 September 2026,
Published:2026-09
Scan QR Code
Shao, Y. M.; Wu, X. H.; Xu, L. Y.; Yang, X. R.; Sun, R.; Min, J. An efficient catalytic system for room-temperature stille polymerization. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3826-z
Yi-Ming Shao, Xiao-Hei Wu, Lin-Yong Xu, et al. An Efficient Catalytic System for Room-temperature Stille Polymerization[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-10.
Shao, Y. M.; Wu, X. H.; Xu, L. Y.; Yang, X. R.; Sun, R.; Min, J. An efficient catalytic system for room-temperature stille polymerization. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3826-z DOI:
Yi-Ming Shao, Xiao-Hei Wu, Lin-Yong Xu, et al. An Efficient Catalytic System for Room-temperature Stille Polymerization[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-10. DOI: 10.1007/s10118-026-3826-z.
Donor-acceptor conjugated polymers are vital materials for organic electronics
but traditional thermally driven Stille polymerization suffers from unavoidable homocoupling defects and batch vari
ations. In this study
we developed an efficient room-temperature Stille catalytic system using P(
t
-Bu)
3
Pd(crotyl)Cl as the precatalyst and CsF as the base. This method displays broad substrate universality
affording various conjugated polymers with fewer homocoupling fragments than the traditional methods. This work provides a mild
general route toward high-performance
regio-regular conjugated polymers.
Heeger, A. J. Semiconducting polymers: the third generation. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010 , 39 , 2354..
Cai, Y.; Huo, L.; Sun, Y. Recent advances in wide-bandgap photovoltaic polymers. Adv. Mater. 2017 , 29 , 1605437..
Khasbaatar, A.; Xu, Z.; Lee, J. H.; Campillo-Alvarado, G.; Hwang, C.; Onusaitis, B. N.; Diao, Y. From solution to thin film: molecular assembly of π-conjugated systems and impact on (opto)electronic properties. Chem. Rev. 2023 , 123 , 8395−8487..
Carsten, B.; He, F.; Son, H. J.; Xu, T.; Yu, L. Stille polycondensation for synthesis of functional materials. Chem. Rev. 2011 , 111 , 1493−1528..
Lo, C. K.; Wolfe, R. M. W.; Reynolds, J. R. From monomer to conjugated polymer: a perspective on best practices for synthesis. Chem. Mater. 2021 , 33 , 4842−4852..
Hassan, J.; Sévignon, M.; Gozzi, C.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M. Aryl-aryl bond formation one century after the discovery of the Ullmann reaction. Chem. Rev. 2002 , 102 , 1359−1470..
Bao, Z.; Chan, W. K.; Yu, L. Exploration of the stille coupling reaction for the synthesis of functional polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995 , 117 , 12426−12435..
Smeets,S.; Liu, Q.; Vanderspikken, J.; Quill, T. J.; Gielen, S.; Lutsen, L.; Vandewal, K.; Maes, W. Structurally pure and reproducible polymer materials for high-performance organic solar cells. Chem. Mater. 2023 , 35 , 8158−8169..
Hendriks, K. H.; Li, W.; Heintges, G. H. L.; van Pruissen, G. W. P.; Wienk, M. M.; Janssen, R. A. J. Homocoupling defects in diketopyrrolopyrrole-based copolymers and their effect on photovoltaic performance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014 , 136 , 11128−11133..
Lombeck, F.; Komber, H.; Fazzi, D.; Nava, D.; Kuhlmann, J.; Stegerer, D.; Strassel, K.; Brandt, J.; de Zerio Mendaza, A. D.; Müller, C.; Thiel, W.; Caironi, M.; Friend, R.; Sommer, M. On the effect of prevalent carbazole homocoupling defects on the photovoltaic performance of PCDTBT: PC 71 BM solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016 , 6 , 1601232..
Li, Z.; Shi, Q.; Ma, X.; Li, Y.; Wen, K.; Qin, L.; Chen, H.; Huang, W.; Zhang, F.; Lin, Y.; Marks, T. J.; Huang, H. Efficient room temperature catalytic synthesis of alternating conjugated copolymers via C―S bond activation. Nat. Commun. 2022 , 13 , 144..
Xiong, H.; Lin, Q.; Lu, Y.; Zheng, D.; Li, Y.; Wang, S.; Xie, W.; Li, C.; Zhang, X.; Lin, Y.; Wang, Z. X.; Shi, Q.; Marks, T. J.; Huang, H. General room-temperature Suzuki-Miyaura polymerization for organic electronics. Nat. Mater. 2024 , 23 , 695−702..
Yang, X.; Shao, Y.; Wang, S.; Chen, M.; Xiao, B.; Sun, R.; Min, J. Processability considerations for next-generation organic photovoltaic materials. Adv. Mater. 2025 , 37 , 2307863..
Ma, B.; Shi, Q.; Huang, H. Precise synthesis of conjugated polymers via reducing homocoupling defects. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2026 , 55 , 1755−1791..
Lee, J.; Park, H.; Hwang, S. H.; Lee, I. H.; Choi, T. L. RuPhos Pd precatalyst and MIDA boronate as an effective combination for the precision synthesis of poly(3-hexylthiophene): systematic investigation of the effects of boronates, halides, and ligands. Macromolecules 2020 , 53 , 3306−3314..
Wen, X.; Xie, W.; Li, Y.; Ma, X.; Liu, Z.; Han, X.; Wen, K.; Zhang, F.; Lin, Y.; Shi, Q.; Peng, A.; Huang, H.Room temperature anhydrous Suzuki–Miyaura polymerization enabled by C―S bond activation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023 , 62 , e202309922..
Seo, K. B.; Lee, I. H.; Lee, J.; Choi, I.; Choi, T. L. A rational design of highly controlled Suzuki–Miyaura catalyst-transfer polycondensation for precision synthesis of polythiophenes and their block copolymers: marriage of palladacycle precatalysts with MIDA-boronates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018 , 140 , 4335−4343..
Fu, G.C. The development of versatile methods for palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of aryl electrophiles through the use of P( t -Bu) 3 and PCy 3 as ligands. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008 , 41 , 1555−1564..
Stambuli, J. P.; Bühl, M.; Hartwig, J. F. Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of monomeric, arylpalladium halide complexes with a hindered phosphine as the only dative ligand. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002 , 124 , 9346−9347..
Yamashita, M.; Hartwig, J. F. Synthesis, structure, and reductive elimination chemistry of three-coordinate arylpalladium amido complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004 , 126 , 5344−5345..
Stambuli, J. P.; Incarvito, C. D.; Bühl, M.; Hartwig, J. F. Synthesis, structure, theoretical studies, and ligand exchange reactions of monomeric, T-shaped arylpalladium(II) halide complexes with an additional, weak agostic interaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004 , 126 , 1184−1194..
Hartwig, J. F.; Paul, F. Oxidative addition of aryl bromide after dissociation of phosphine from a two-coordinate palladium(0) complex, bis(tri- o -tolylphosphine)palladium(0). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995 , 117 , 5373−5374..
Brunel, J. M. P( t -bu) 3 : a versatile and efficient ligand in homogeneous catalysis. Mini Rev. Org. Chem. 2004 , 1 , 249−277..
Amatore, C.; Pfluger, F. Mechanism of oxidative addition of palladium(0) with aromatic iodides in toluene, monitored at ultramicroelectrodes. Organometallics 1990 , 9 , 2276−2282..
Firsan, S. J.; Sivakumar, V.; Colacot, T. J. Emerging trends in cross-coupling: twelve-electron-based L 1 Pd(0) catalysts, the ir mechanism of action, and selected applications. Chem. Rev. 2022 , 122 , 16983−17027..
Tan, Y.; Hartwig, J. F. Assessment of the intermediacy of arylpalladium carboxylate complexes in the direct arylation of benzene: evidence for C―H bond cleavage by “ligandless” species. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011 , 133 , 3308−3311..
Melvin, P. R.; Balcells, D.; Hazari, N.; Nova, A. Understanding precatalyst activation in cross-coupling reactions: alcohol facilitated reduction from Pd(II) to Pd(0) in precatalysts of the type ( η 3 -allyl)Pd(L)(Cl) and ( η 3 -indenyl)Pd(L)(Cl). ACS Catal. 2015 , 5 , 5596−5606..
[Bruno, N. C.; Niljianskul, N.; Buchwald, S. L. N -substituted 2-aminobiphenylpalladium methanesulfonate precatalysts and their use in C―C and C―N cross-couplings. J. Org. Chem . 2014 , 79 , 4161−4166..
Kim, H.; Yoo, H.; Kim, H.; Park, J. M.; Lee, B. H.; Choi, T. L. Low-temperature direct arylationpolymerization for the sustainable synthesis of a library of low-defect donor–acceptor conjugated polymers via Pd/Ag dual-catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025 , 147 , 11886−11895..
Ma, B.; Shi, Q.; Ma, X.; Li, Y.; Chen, H.; Wen, K.; Zhao, R.; Zhang, F.; Lin, Y.; Wang, Z.; Huang, H. Defect-free alternating conjugated polymers enabled by room-temperature stille polymerization. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022 , 61 , e202115969..
Yin, B.; Pang, S.; Chen, Z.; Deng, W.; Liu, Z.; Duan, C.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. A structurally simple linear conjugated polymer toward practical application of organic solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2022 , 15 , 4789−4797..
Espinet, P.; Echavarren, A. M. The mechanisms of the stille reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004 , 43 , 4704−4734..
Stille, J. K. The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of organotin reagents with organic electrophiles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1986 , 25 , 508−524..
Matsidik, R.; Komber, H.; Luzio, A.; Caironi, M.; Sommer, M. Defect-free naphthalene diimide bithiophene copolymers with controlled molar mass and high performance via direct arylation polycondensation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015 , 137 , 6705−6711..
Jena, S. S.; Garg, M.; Ghosh, S. Evolution of electronic structure and optical properties of naphthalenediimide dithienylvinylene (NDI-TVT) polymer as a function of reduction level: a density functional theory study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2025 , 27 , 2177−2191..
Shi, M.; Wang, T.; Wu, Y.; Sun, R.; Wang, W.; Guo, J.; Wu, Q.; Yang, W.; Min, J. The intrinsic role of molecular mass and polydispersity index in high-performance non-fullerene polymer solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021 , 11 , 2002709..
Gao, Y.; Yang, X.; Sun, R.; Xu, L. Y.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, M.; Zhu, H.; Min, J. All-small-molecule organic solar cells with 18.1% efficiency and enhanced stability enabled by improving light harvesting and nanoscale microstructure. Joule 2023 , 7 , 2845−2858..
Sun, R.; Wang, T.; Yang, X.; Wu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wu, Q.; Zhang, M.; Brabec, C. J.; Li, Y.; Min, J. High-speed sequential deposition of photoactive layers for organic solar cell manufacturing. Nat. Energy 2022 , 7 , 1087−1099..
Li, C.; Zhou, J.; Song, J.; Xu, J.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, X.; Guo, J.; Zhu, L.; Wei, D.; Han, G.; Min, J.; Zhang, Y.; Xie, Z.; Yi, Y.; Yan, H.; Gao, F.; Liu, F.; Sun, Y. Non-fullerene acceptors with branched side chains and improved molecular packing to exceed 18% efficiency in organic solar cells. Nat. Energy 2021 , 6 , 605−613..
Alqahtani, O.; Babics, M.; Gorenflot, J.; Savikhin, V.; Ferron, T.; Balawi, A. H.; Paulke, A.; Kan, Z.; Pope, M.; Clulow, A. J.; Wolf, J.; Burn, P. L.; Gentle, I. R.; Neher, D.; Toney, M. F.; Laquai, F.; Beaujuge, P. M.; Collins, B. A. Mixed domains enhance charge generation and extraction in bulk-heterojunction solar cells with small-molecule donors. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018 , 8 , 1702941..
[Fu, J.; Fong, P. W. K.; Liu, H.; Huang, C. S.; Lu, X.; Lu, S.; Abdelsamie, M.; Kodalle, T.; Sutter-Fella, C. M.; Yang, Y.; Li, G. 19.31% binary organic solar cell and low non-radiative recombination enabled by non-monotonic intermediate state transition. Nat. Commun . 2023 , 14 , 1760..
0
Views
0
Downloads
0
CSCD
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010802046900号