

FOLLOWUS
a.Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
b.Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
c.State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
y.p.wang@zju.edu.cn
Received:07 April 2026,
Revised:2026-06-22,
Accepted:12 July 2026,
Online First:23 October 2026,
Published:2026-08
Scan QR Code
Wang, X.; Mao, Q.; Zhao, S.; Wang, M.; Yu, C.; Wang, Y. Light-driven mechanical property modulation in azobenzene-crosslinked slide-ring polymers. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3815-2
Xiaoqing Wang, Qimo Mao, Shiyu Zhao, et al. Light-driven Mechanical Property Modulation in Azobenzene-crosslinked Slide-ring Polymers[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-9.
Wang, X.; Mao, Q.; Zhao, S.; Wang, M.; Yu, C.; Wang, Y. Light-driven mechanical property modulation in azobenzene-crosslinked slide-ring polymers. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3815-2 DOI:
Xiaoqing Wang, Qimo Mao, Shiyu Zhao, et al. Light-driven Mechanical Property Modulation in Azobenzene-crosslinked Slide-ring Polymers[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-9. DOI: 10.1007/s10118-026-3815-2.
The rational design of stim
uli-responsive materials exhibiting tunable mechanical properties represents a critical strategy for preventing structural failure and extending service lifetime. Slide-ring polymers with their dynamically mobile crosslinks provide an ideal architectural platform for the development of mechanically adaptive systems. Herein
we fabricate photo-responsive mechanically adaptive slide-ring materials (PSR) employing azobenzene as crosslinkers. Mechanical characterization reveals substantial light-induced enhancement in performance
including breaking strain
tensile strength
and toughness. The materials subjected to photo-irradiation also demonstrate superior energy dissipation and damping efficiency. Through comprehensive mechanical characterization
we reveal a dual photoregulation mechanism in which light-induced
cis
-azobenzene formation (1) enhances interchain hydrogen bonding
via
strong local dipole moments and localized conformational rearrangements
and (2) expands the internal free volume
via
the steric hindrance of the
cis
-isomer
thereby unlocking the mobility of crown ether rings in the slide-ring architecture. This work establishes a new design principle for photoresponsive polymers
whose mechanical properties can be precisely modulated through light-controlled molecular rearrangements.
Omar, M. M.; Sun, B.; Kitchen, G.; Kang, S. H. Mechanically adaptive composites through piezoelectricity. J. Compos. Mater. 2023 , 57 , 575−579..
Capadona, J. R.; Shanmuganathan, K.; Tyler, D. J.; Rowan, S. J.; Weder, C. Stimuli-responsive polymer nanocomposites inspired by the sea cucumber dermis. Science 2008 , 319 , 1370−1374..
Li, L.; Lin, Q.; Tang, M.; Tsai, E. H. R.; Ke, C. An integrated design of a polypseudorotaxane-based sea cucumber mimic. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021 , 60 , 10186−10193..
Matsuda, T.; Kawakami, R.; Namba, R.; Nakajima, T.; Gong, J. P. Mechanoresponsive self-growing hydrogels inspired by muscle training. Science 2019 , 363 , 504−508..
Xia, X.; Spadaccini, C. M.; Greer, J. R. Responsive materials architected in space and time. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2022 , 7 , 683−701..
Xie, Z.; Yuan, F.; Liu, J.; Tian, L.; Chen, B.; Fu, Z.; Mao, S.; Jin, T.; Wang, Y.; He, X.; Wang, G.; Mo, Y.; Ding, X.; Zhang, Y.; Laschi, C.; Wen, L. Octopus-inspired sensorized soft arm for environmental interaction. Sci. Robot. 2023 , 8 , eadh7852..
Sun, Y.; He, W.; Jiang, C.; Li, J.; Liu, J.; Liu, M. Wearable biodevices based on two-dimensional materials: from flexible sensors to smart integrated systems. Nano Micro Lett. 2025 , 17 , 109..
Cao, H.; Duan, L.; Zhang, Y.; Cao, J.; Zhang, K. Current hydrogel advances in physicochemical and biological response-driven biomedical application diversity. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2021 , 6 , 426..
Chen, L.; Sheng, X.; Li, G.; Huang, F. Mechanically interlocked polymers based on rotaxanes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2022 , 51 , 7046−7065..
Ghiassinejad, S.; Ahmadi, M.; van Ruymbeke, E.; Fustin, C.-A. Dynamics of ring-containing polymers: macromolecular rotaxanes, polyrotaxanes and slide-ring networks. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2024 , 155 , 101854..
Hart, L. F.; Hertzog, J. E.; Rauscher, P. M.; Rawe, B. W.; Tranquilli, M. M.; Rowan, S. J. Material properties and applications of mechanically interlocked polymers. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2021 , 6 , 508−530..
Hoyas Pérez, N.; Lewis, J. E. M. Synthetic strategies towards mechanically interlocked oligomers and polymers. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2020 , 18 , 6757−6780..
Zhang, Z.; Zhao, J.; Yan, X. Mechanically interlocked polymers with dense mechanical bonds. Acc. Chem. Res. 2024 , 57 , 992−1006..
Mena-Hernando, S.; Pérez, E. M. Mechanically interlocked materials. Rotaxanes and catenanes beyond the small molecule. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019 , 48 , 5016−5032..
Moulin, E.; Carmona-Vargas, C. C.; Giuseppone, N. Daisy chain architectures: from discrete molecular entities to polymer materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2023 , 52 , 7333−7358..
Okumura, Y.; Ito, K. The polyrotaxane gel: a topological gel by figure-of-eight cross-links. Adv. Mater. 2001 , 13 , 485−487..
Ando, S.; Ito, K. Recent progress and future perspective in slide-ring based polymeric materials. Macromolecules 2025 , 58 , 2157−2177..
Ito, K. Novel cross-linking concept of polymer network: synthesis, structure, and properties of slide-ring gels with freely movable junctions. Polym. J. 2007 , 39 , 489−499..
Karino, T.; Okumura, Y.; Zhao, C.; Kataoka, T.; Ito, K.; Shibayama, M. SANS studies on deformation mechanism of slide-ring gel. Macromolecules 2005 , 38 , 6161−6167..
Du, R.; Bao, T.; Zhu, T.; Zhang, J.; Huang, X.; Jin, Q.; Xin, M.; Pan, L.; Zhang, Q.; Jia, X. A low-hysteresis and highly stretchable ionogel enabled by well dispersed slidable cross-linker for rapid human-machine interaction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023 , 33 , 2212888..
Konda, A.; Mayumi, K.; Urayama, K.; Takigawa, T.; Ito, K. Influence of structural characteristics on stretching-driven swelling of polyrotaxane gels with movable cross links. Macromolecules 2012 , 45 , 6733−6740..
Sawada, J.; Aoki, D.; Uchida, S.; Otsuka, H.; Taka ta, T. Synthesis of vinylic macromolecular rotaxane cross-linkers endowing network polymers with toughness. ACS Macro Lett. 2015 , 4 , 598−601..
Sawada, J.; Aoki, D.; Kuzume, M.; Nakazono, K.; Otsuka, H.; Takata, T. A vinylic rotaxane cross-linker for toughened network polymers from the radical polymerization of vinyl monomers. Polym. Chem. 2017 , 8 , 1878−1881..
Wang, W.; Bai, R.; Wang, C.; Yang, L.; Cheng, L.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, W.; Yan, X. Type I-B main-chain polyrotaxane network. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202507192..
Liu, C.; Kadono, H.; Mayumi, K.; Kato, K.; Yokoyama, H.; Ito, K. Unusual fracture behavior of slide-ring gels with movable cross-links. ACS Macro Lett. 2017 , 6 , 1409−1413..
Noda, Y.; Hayashi, Y.; Ito, K. From topological gels to slide-ring materials. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , app.40509..
Chen, L.; Liu, Y.; You, W.; Wang, J.; He, Z.; Mei, H.; Yang, X.; Yu, W.; Li, G.; Huang, F. Construction of slide-ring polymers based on pillar [5 ] arene/alkyl chai n host–guest interactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202417713..
Oh, J.; Liu, G.; Kim, H.; Hertzog, J. E.; Nitta, N.; Rowan, S. J. Exploring the impact of ring mobility on the macroscopic properties of doubly threaded slide-ring gel networks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024 , 63 , e202411172..
Yang, X.; Wang, W.; Bai, R.; Guo, Z.; Cheng, L.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, W.; Yan, X. Mobility control of mechanical bonds to modulate energy dissipation in mechanically interlocked networks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025 , 147 , 10540−10548..
Akae, Y.; Sawada, J.; Nakajima, K.; Takata, T. The effect of the axle end structure and number of through-space bonds on the properties of rotaxane crosslinked polymers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023 , 62 , e202303341..
Zhang, Z.; You, W.; Li, P.; Zhao, J.; Guo, Z.; Xu, T.; Chen, J.; Yu, W.; Yan, X. Mechanically interlocked [c2 ] daisy chain backbone networks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023 , 145 , 567−578..
Jiang, L.; Liu, C.; Mayumi, K.; Kato, K.; Yokoyama, H.; Ito, K. High ly stretchable and instantly recoverable slide-ring gels consisting of enzymatically synthesized polyrotaxane with low host coverage. Chem. Mater. 2018 , 30 , 5013−5019..
Liu, C.; Morimoto, N.; Jiang, L.; Kawahara, S.; Noritomi, T.; Yokoyama, H.; Mayumi, K.; Ito, K. Tough hydrogels with rapid self-reinforcement. Science 2021 , 372 , 1078−1081..
Sawada, J.; Aoki, D.; Otsuka, H.; Takata, T. A guiding principle for strengthening crosslinked polymers: synthesis and application of mobility-controlling rotaxane crosslinkers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019 , 58 , 2765−2768..
Cheng, L.; Wang, W.; Bai, R.; You, W.; Liang, Y.; Yan, Z.; Zhang, R.; Yan, X.; Yu, W. Molecular origin of the stretchability and fatigue-resistance of rotaxane-based mechanically interlocked polymer networks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202422104..
Nakahata, M.; Mori, S.; Takashima, Y.; Yamaguchi, H.; Harada, A. Self-healing materials formed by cross-linked polyrotaxanes with reversible bonds. Chem 2016 , 1 , 766−775..
Jin, Q.; Du, R.; Tang, H.; Zhao, Y.; Peng, W.; Li, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, T.; Huang, X.; Kong, D.; He, Y.; Bao, T.; Kong, D.; Wang, X.; Wang, R.; Zhang, Q.; Jia, X. Quadruple H-bonding and polyrotaxanes dual cross-linking supramolecular elastomer for high toughness and self-healing conductors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023 , 62 , e202305282..
Kong, Z.; Hou, Y.; Gu, J.; Li, F.; Zhu, Y.; Ji, X.; Wu, H.; Liang, J. Biomimetic ultratough, strong, and ductile artificial polymer fiber based on immovable and slidable cross-links. Nano Lett. 2023 , 23 , 6216−6225..
Lam, K. Y.; Lee, C. S.; Pichika, M. R.; Cheng, S. F.; Hang Tan, R. Y. Light-responsive polyurethanes: classification of light-responsive moieties, light-responsive reactions, and their applications. RSC Adv. 2022 , 12 , 15261−15283..
Lee, H. P.; Gaharwar, A. K. Light-responsive inorganic biomaterials for biomedical applications. Adv. Sci. 2020 , 7 , 2000863..
Stoychev, G.; Kirillova, A.; Ionov, L. Light-responsive shape-changing polymers. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2019 , 7 , 1900067..
Limarun, P.; Buaksuntear, K.; Jansrinak, S.; Julbust, A.; Phongphanphanee, S.; Yangthong, H.; Suethao, S.; Kaewpradit, P.; Jittham, P.; Sucharitpwatskul, S.; Mougin, K.; Spangenberg, A.; Le Duigou, A.; Smitthipong, W. Photostimulus-responsive non-covalent interactions in polymers: a review. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025 , 43 , 677−694..
Cheng, G.; Kuan, C. Y.; Lou, K. W.; Ho, Y. P. Light-responsive materials in droplet manipulation for biochemical applications. Adv. Mater. 2025 , 37 , 2313935..
Le, X. X.; Zhang, Y. C.; Lu, W.; Wang, L.; Zheng, J.; Ali, I.; Zhang, J. W.; Huang, Y. J.; Serpe, M. J.; Yang, X. T.; Fan, X. D.; Chen, T. A novel anisotropic hydrogel with integrated self-deformation and controllable shape memory effect. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2018 , 39 , 1800019..
Xu, F.; Feringa, B. L. Photoresponsive supramolecular polymers: from light-controlled small molecules to smart materials. Adv. Mater. 2023 , 35 , 2204413..
Dhammika Bandara, H. M.; Burdette, S. C. Photoisomerization in different classes of azobenzene. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012 , 41 , 1809−1825..
Xu, G.; Li, S.; Liu, C.; Wu, S. Photocontrollable fluorescence switching of a bisthienylethene-based [c2 ] daisy chain rotaxane. Chem. Asian J. 2020 , 15 , 547−554..
Liang, S.; Yuan, C.; Wang, M.; Wu, S. Photoresponsive polymer nanocomposites: dynamic materials with photocontrolled functions. CCS Chem. 2025 , 7 , 2950−2969..
Li, Y.; Xue, B.; Yang, J.; Jiang, J.; Liu, J.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wu, M.; Yuan, Y.; Zhu, Z.; Wang, Z. J.; Chen, Y.; Harabuchi, Y.; Nakajima, T.; Wang, W.; Maeda, S.; Gong, J. P.; Cao, Y. Fatigue-resistant hydrogels achieved by a topological network with reversible and movable crosslinks. Nat. Chem. 2024 , 16 , 446−455..
Liu, J.; Wang, S.; Huang, T.; Manchanda, P.; Abou-Hamad, E.; Nunes, S. P. Smart covalent organic networks (CONs) with “on-off-on” light-switchable pores for molecular separation. Sci. Adv. 2020 , 6 , eabb3188..
Cuétara-Guadarrama, F.; Vonlanthen, M.; Sorroza-Martínez, K.; González-Méndez, I.; Rivera, E. Photoisomerizable azobenzene dyes incorporated into polymers and dendrimers. Influence of the molec ular aggregation on the nonlinear optical properties. Dyes Pigm. 2021 , 194 , 109551..
Meng, L.; Xin, N.; Hu, C.; Wang, J.; Gui, B.; Shi, J.; Wang, C.; Shen, C.; Zhang, G.; Guo, H.; Meng, S.; Guo, X. Side-chain engineering of conjugated polymers for high-performance n-type organic thermoelectric materials. Nat. Commun. 2019 , 10 , 1450..
Yager, K. G.; Tanchak, O. M.; Godbout, C.; Fritzsche, H.; Barrett, C. J. Photomechanical effects in azo-polymers studied by neutron reflectometry. Macromolecules 2006 , 39 , 9311−9319..
Liu, D. Volume generation towards dynamic surface morphing in liquid crystal polymer networks. Liq. Cryst. 2016 , 43 , 2136−2143..
Cao, A.; van Raak, R. J. H.; Broer, D. J. Light-regulated molecular diffusion in a liquid crystal network. Soft Matter 2019 , 15 , 4737−4742..
Garcia-Amorós, J.; Finkelmann, H.; Velasco, D. Influence of the photo-active azo cross-linker spacer on the opto-mechanics of polysiloxane elastomer actuators. J. Mater. Chem. 2011 , 21 , 1094−1101..
Yang, X.; Cheng, L.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, J.; Bai, R.; Guo, Z.; Yu, W.; Yan, X. Amplification of integrated microscopic motions of high-density [2 ] rotaxanes in mechanically interlocked networks. Nat. Commun. 2022 , 13 , 6654..
Zheng, X.; Guo, Y.; Douglas, J. F.; Xia, W. Understanding the role of cross-link density in the segmental dynamics and elastic properties of cross-linked thermosets. J. Chem. Phys. 2022 , 157 , 064901..
Kato, K.; Hori, A.; Ito, K. An efficient synthesis of low-covered polyrotaxanes grafted with poly( ε -caprolactone) and the mechanical properties of its cross-linked elastomers. Polymer 2018 , 147 , 67−73..
van der Tol, J. J. B.; Engels, T. A. P.; Cardinaels, R.; Vantomme, G.; Meijer, E. W.; Eisenreich, F. Photoswitchable liquid-to-solid transition of azobenzene-decorated polysiloxanes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023 , 33 , 2301246..
Nie, J.; Liu, X.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, H. Inorganic–organic hybrid nanomaterials for photoelectrochemical biosensing. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017 , 5 , 11191−11200..
Li, P.; Tan, S.; Wu, Y.; Wang, C.; Watanabe, M. Azobenzene-based ionic liquid switches phase separation of poly ( N -isopropylacrylamide) aqueous solutions as a molecular trigger, leading to UV shutdown of ionic transport. ACS Macro Lett. 2020 , 9 , 825−829..
Wang, Y.; Yang, L.; Cheng, L.; Zhao, J.; Bai, R.; Wang, W.; Qu, S.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, W.; Yan, X. Strengthening and toughening styrene-butadiene rubber by mechanically interlocked cross-links. Sci. China Chem. 2024 , 67 , 3414−3422..
Yang, M.; Li, J.; Wang, C.; Yang, L.; Fan, Z.; Wang, W.; Liu, G.; Cheng, L.; Qu, S.; Zhang, Z.; Zou, J.; Yu, W.; Gu, G.; Yan, X. Robust mechanically interlocked network ionogels. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202423847..
0
Views
0
Downloads
0
CSCD
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010802046900号