

FOLLOWUS
Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
liaomeng@fudan.edu.cn
Received:24 May 2026,
Accepted:01 July 2026,
Online First:28 August 2026,
Published:2026-07
Scan QR Code
Li, J. X.; Zhang, K.; Zhao, J. W.; Gao, S. Z.; Zhao, C.; Wang, B. J.; Peng, H. S.; Liao, M. Solid polymer electrolytes for flexible solid-state batteries. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3799-y
Jia-Xin Li, Kun Zhang, Jia-Wei Zhao, et al. Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Flexible Solid-State Batteries[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-22.
Li, J. X.; Zhang, K.; Zhao, J. W.; Gao, S. Z.; Zhao, C.; Wang, B. J.; Peng, H. S.; Liao, M. Solid polymer electrolytes for flexible solid-state batteries. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3799-y DOI:
Jia-Xin Li, Kun Zhang, Jia-Wei Zhao, et al. Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Flexible Solid-State Batteries[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-22. DOI: 10.1007/s10118-026-3799-y.
As energy storage technologies move toward safer and mechanically adaptive formats
flexible solid-state batteries have become an important platform for powering next generation deformable systems. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are promising candidates for flexible solid-state batteries because their polymer-chain flexibility
film forming capability
and interfacial adaptability enable stable solid-solid electrode-electrolyte contact under low pressure or pressure free conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in SPEs for flexible solid-state batteries
covering linear polymers
topological polymer architectures
composite and multifunctional electrolytes
and representative fabrication strategies. Application oriented SPE designs are further discussed with a focus on material and device strategies for deformation adaptability
safety enhancement
and environmental adaptability. Finally
remaining challenges and future directions are outlined to guide the rational design of high performance SPEs for flexible energy storage.
Jiang, H.; Liao, M.; Chang, Y.; Zhang, K.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, B.; Peng, H. Design and application of fiber batteries. Acta Polymerica Sinica (in Chinese) 2023 , 54, 892−909..
Saifi, S.; Xiao, X.; Cheng, S.; Guo, H.; Zhang, J.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.; Zhou, G.; Xu, X.; Cheng, H. An ultraflexible energy harvesting-storage system for wearable applications. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 6546..
Shi, X.; Zuo, Y.; Zhai, P.; Shen, J.; Yang, Y.; Gao, Z.; Liao, M.; Wu, J.; Wang, J.; Xu, X.; Tong, Q.; Zhang, B.; Wang, B.; Sun, X.; Zhang, L.; Pei, Q.; Jin, D.; Chen, P.; Peng, H. Large-area display textiles integrated with functional systems. Nature 2021 , 591 , 240−245..
Hong, Y.; Jia, K.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Z.; Jia, J.; Chen, J.; Liang, Q.; Sun, H.; Gao, Q.; Zhou, D.; Li, R.; Dong, X.; Fan, X.; He, S. Energetic and durable all-polymer aqueous battery for sustainable, flexible power. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 9539..
Ding, S.; Saha, T.; Yin, L.; Liu, R.; Khan, M.; Chang, A.; Lee, H.; Zhao, H.; Liu, Y.; Nazemi, A.; Zhou, J.; Chen, C.; Li, Z.; Zhang, C.; Earney, S.; Tang, S.; Djassemi, O.; Chen, X.; Lin, M.; Sandhu, S.; Moon, J.; Moonla, C.; Nandhakumar, P.; Park, Y.; Mahato, K.; Xu, S.; Wang, J. A fingertip-wearable microgrid system for autonomous energy management and metabolic monitoring. Nat. Electron. 2024 , 7 , 788−799..
Hong, Y.; Cheng, X.; Liu, G.; Hong, D.; He, S.; Wang, B.; Sun, X.; Peng, H. One-step production of continuous supercapacitor fibers for a flexible power textile. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 37 , 737−743..
Ye, L.; Liao, M.; Zhang, K.; Zheng, M.; Jiang, Y.; Cheng, X.; Wang, C.; Xu, Q.; Tang, C.; Li, P.; Wen, Y.; Xu, Y.; Sun, X.; Chen, P.; Sun, H.; Gao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, B.; Lu, J.; Zhou, H.; Wang, Y.; Xia, Y.; Xu, X.; Peng, H. A rechargeable calcium–oxygen battery that operates at room temperature. Nature 2024 , 626 , 313−318..
Fu, J.; Wang, C.; Wang, S.; Reid, J.; Liang, J.; Luo, J.; Kim, J.; Zhao, Y.; Yang, X.; Zhao, F.; Li, W.; Fu, B.; Lin, X.; Hu, Y.; Su, Y.; Hao, X.; Gao, Y.; Zhang, S.; Wang, Z.; Liu, J.; Abdolvand, H.; Sham, T.; Mo, Y.; Sun, X. A cost-effective all-in-one halide material for all-solid-state batteries. Nature 2025 , 643 , 111−118..
Ye, L.; Wang, D.; Lu, Q.; Jhang, L.; Kou, R.; Pandey, A.; Lira, J.; Liao, M.; Wang, D. All-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries of high cycling stability and rate capability enabled by a self-lithiated Sn-C interlayer. Adv. Mater. 2025 , 37 , 2407724..
Zhang, D.; Ren, Y.; Hu, Y.; Li, L.; Yan, F. Ionic liquid/poly (ionic liquid)-based semi-solid state electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 38 , 506−513..
Xie, Y.; Feng, L.; Li, D.; Tang, Y.; Zhu, C.; Wang, M.; Xu, J. Novel quasi solid-state succinonitrile-based electrolyte with low-flammability for lithium-ion battery. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2023 , 41 , 1695−1705..
Doux, J.; Nguyen, H.; Tan, D.; Banerjee, A.; Wang, X.; Wu, E.; Jo, C.; Yang, H.; Meng, Y. Stack pressure considerations for room-temperature all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020 , 10 , 1903253..
Hu, X.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Yang, X.; Wang, X.; Fayena-Greenstein, M.; Yehezke l, H.; Langford, S.; Zhou, D.; Li, B.; Wang, G.; Aurbach, D. External-pressure–electrochemistry coupling in solid-state lithium metal batteries. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2024 , 9 , 305−320..
Chen, Y.; Jang, J.; Oh, J.; Ham, S.; Yang, H.; Lee, D.; Vicencio, M.; Lee, J.; Tan, D.; Chouchane, M.; Cronk, A.; Song, M.; Yin, Y.; Qian, J.; Chen, Z.; Meng, Y. Enabling uniform and accurate control of cycling pressure for all-solid-state batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2024 , 14 , 2304327..
Pan, H.; Wang, L.; Shi, Y.; Sheng, C.; Yang, S.; He, P.; Zhou, H. A solid-state lithium-ion battery with micron-sized silicon anode operating free from external pressure. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 2263..
Liu, K.; Xie, Y.; Ding, T.; Guo, C.; Guo, P.; Liu, J.; Liu, X.; Shi, L.; Pan, Z.; Cai, X.; Wang, J.; Wang, Z.; Shi, G.; Yuan, S. High-strength ultrathin solid-state electrolyte with ion-rectifying honeycomb-like skeleton for lithium metal batteries free from external pressure. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026 , 36 , e11558..
Fenton, D.; Parker, J.; Wright, P. Complexes of alkali metal ions with poly(ethylene oxide). Polymer 1973 , 14 , 589..
Du, A.; Lu, H.; Liu, S.; Chen, S.; Chen, Z.; Li, W.; Song, J.; Yang, Q.; Yang, C. Breaking the trade-off between ionic conductivity and mechanical strength in solid polymer electrolytes for high-performance solid lithium batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2024 , 14 , 2400808..
Lv, Q.; Li, L.; Zhang, X.; Wang, R.; Wen, N.; Xue, L.; Wang, H.; Shen, L.; Chen, D.; Ciucci, F.; Wang, J. Developing dynamic ion transport channels in polymer solid electrolytes for high-performance lithium metal batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025 , 147 , 27611−27623..
Xi, G.; Xiao, M.; Wang, S.; Han, D.; Li, Y.; Meng, Y. Polymer-based solid electrolytes: material selection, design, and application. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021 , 31 , 2007598..
Choudhury, S.; Stalin, S.; Vu, D.; Warren, A.; Deng, Y.; Biswal, P.; Archer, L. Solid-state polymer electrolytes for high-performance lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 2019 , 10 , 4398..
Zhu, X.; Wang, K.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, G.; Li, S.; Li, C.; Zhang, X.; Sun, X.; Ge, X.; Ma, Y. Strategies to boost ionic conductivity and interface compatibility of inorganic-organ ic solid composite electrolytes. Energy Storage Mater. 2021 , 36 , 291−308..
Armand, M. The history of polymer electrolytes. Solid State Ion. 1994 , 69 , 309−319..
Wei, Y.; Liu, T.; Zhou, W.; Cheng, H.; Liu, X.; Kong, J.; Shen, Y.; Xu, H.; Huang, Y. Enabling all-solid-state Li metal batteries operated at 30 °C by molecular regulation of polymer electrolyte. Adv. Energy Mater. 2023 , 13 , 2203547..
Zhang, J.; Zhao, J.; Yue, L.; Wang, Q.; Chai, J.; Liu, Z.; Zhou, X.; Li, H.; Guo, Y.; Cui, G.; Chen, L. Safety-reinforced poly (propylene carbonate)-based all-solid-state polymer electrolyte for ambient-temperature solid polymer lithium batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015 , 5 , 1501082..
Li, H.; Fan, Y.; Wu, G.; Qiang, Y.; Wang, S.; Kang, Z.; Du, J.; Tang, Z.; Wang, W.; Li, W.; Gao, Y. Decoupling ionic conductivity from structural rigidity constraints of solid polymer electrolytes through microphase separation regulation. ACS Energy Lett. 2025 , 10 , 6423−6431..
Nagaoka, K.; Naruse, H.; Shinohara, I.; Watanabe, M. High ionic conductivity in poly(dimethyl siloxane-co-ethylene oxide) dissolving lithium perchlorate. J. Polym. Sci. 1984 , 22 , 659−663..
Liu, C.; Jia, S.; Yang, T.; Liu, J.; Zhou, X.; Wang, Z.; Dong, H.; Shi, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, Z. Scalable and ultrathin dual entangled network polymer electrolytes for safe solid-state sodium batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202505938..
Ma, Y.; Wan, J.; Yang, Y.; Ye, Y.; Xiao, X.; Boyle, D.; Burke, W.; Huang, Z.; Chen, H.; Cui, Y.; Yu, Z.; Oyakhire, S.; Cui, Y. Scalable, ultrathin, and high-temperature-resistant solid polymer electrolytes for energy-dense lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2022 , 12 , 2103720..
Yang, H.; Yan, J.; Gao, S.; Chen, X.; Wang, Y.; Huo, H.; Fu, C.; Du, C.; Zuo, P. An asymmetric functional gel polymer electrolyte enables superior interfacial compatibility for wide temperature lithium metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2025 , 18 , 9854−9864..
Zhang, Q.; Bian, T.; Wang, X.; Shi, R.; Zhao, Y. Unlocking mechanism of anion and cation interaction on ion conduction of polymer based electrolyte in metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202415343..
Liu, F.; Wang, J.; Chen, W.; Yuan, M.; Wang, Q.; Ke, R.; Zhang, G.; Chang, J.; Wang, C.; Deng, Y.; Wang, J.; Shao, M. Polymer-ion interaction prompted quasi-solid electrolyte for room-temperature high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2024 , 36 , 2409838..
Lian, Y.; Li, M.; Gao, Y.; Zhao, M.; Liu, J.; Xiao, L. An electrochemically stable polyester fabric-reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate) gel polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium–oxygen batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2023 , 6 , 11364−11375..
Li, Y.; Yuan, W.; Hu, Z.; Shen, Y.; Wu, G.; Cong, F.; Fu, X.; Lu, F.; Li, Y.; Liu, P.; Huang, Y.; Li, J. Constructing PVDF-based polymer electrolyte for lithium metal batteries by polymer-induced phase structure adjustment strategy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025 , 35 , 2424763..
Jie, J.; Liu, Y.; Cong, L.; Zhang, B.; Lu, W.; Zhang, X.; Liu, J.; Xie, H.; Sun, L. High-performance PVDF-HFP based gel polymer electrolyte with a safe solvent in Li metal polymer battery. J. Energy Chem. 2020 , 49 , 80−88..
Wang, T.; Zhong, L.; Xiao, M.; Han, D.; Wang, S.; Huang, Z.; Huang, S.; Sun, L.; Meng, Y. Block copolymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries: Strategies to boost both ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2023 , 146 , 101743..
Su, G.; Zhang, Z.; Xiao, M.; Wang, S.; Huang, S.; Guo, H.; Han, D.; Meng, Y. Boosting electrochemical performance by regulating rigid-flexible microphase separation of multiblock copolymers. Chem. Eng. J. 2024 , 500 , 157050..
Wang, H.; Li, X.; Zeng, Q.; Li, Z.; Liu, Y.; Guan, J.; Jiang, Y.; Chen, L.; Cao, Y.; Li, R.; Wang, A.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, L. A novel hyperbranched polyurethane solid electrolyte for room temperature ultra-long cycling lithium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2024 , 66 , 103188..
Su, Y.; Rong, X.; Li, H.; Huang, X.; Chen, L.; Liu, B.; Hu, Y. High-entropy microdomain interlocking polymer electrolytes for advanced all-solid-state battery chemistries. Adv. Mater. 2023 , 35 , 2209402..
Ye, L.; Wei, J.; Yuan, S.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Cao, C.; Tan, F.; Shen, H.; Qin, R.; Li, Y.; Chen, X. High-entropy polymeric electrolytes facilitating ion conduction and interfacial desolvation in low-temperature zinc batter ies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2026 , 148 , 7605−7613..
Hao, S.; Liang, S.; Sewell, C.; Li, Z.; Zhu, C.; Xu, J.; Lin, Z. Lithium-conducting branched polymers: New paradigm of solid-state electrolytes for batteries. Nano Lett. 2021 , 21 , 7435−7447..
Fish, D.; Khan, I.; Wu, E.; Smid, J. Polymer electrolyte complexes of LiCIO 4 and comb polymers of siloxane with oligo-oxyethylene side chains. Br. Polym. J. 1988 , 20 , 281−288..
Han, S.; Arbeli, A.; Harrison, K.; Orchanian, N.; Lei, W.; Louie, S.; Jiang, Q.; Kumar, Z.; Dolinski, N.; Kaufman, L.; Marbella, L.; Nuckolls, C. Ion-conductive wires form high-performance all-solid-state polymer electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2026 , 148 , 9413−9420..
[Xu, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, H.; Long, J.; Xu, L.; Mai, L. In situ topological interphases boosting stable solid-state lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater . 2023 , 13 , 2204411..
Chen, H.; Zhang, Z.; Qin, H.; Zhang, B.; Wang, D .; Ming, L.; Ou, X. Topological polymer electrolyte design with dual confinements for long-life quasi-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025 , 35 , 2506355..
He, Y.; Yang, S.; Liu, C.; Ouyang, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhu, H.; Yao, Y.; Yang, H.; Rui, X.; Yu, Y. Composite polymer solid electrolytes for all-solid-state sodium batteries. Small Methods 2025 , 9 , 2402220..
Chen, S.; Huang, B.; Song, L.; Wang, Z.; Du, P.; Xiong, J.; Zhu, H.; Guo, Y. High ionic conductive, mechanical robust solid polymer composite electrolyte achieved by succinonitrile and polytetrafluoroethylene porous fibrous membrane for lithium metal batteries. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026 , 44 , 352−360..
Pan, J.; Peng, H.; Yan, Y.; Bai, Y.; Yang, J.; Wang, N.; Dou, S.; Huang, F. Solid-state batteries designed with high ion conductive composite polymer electrolyte and silicon anode. Energy Storage Mater. 2021 , 43 , 165−171..
Fan, P.; Liu, H.; Marosz, V.; Samuels, N.; Suib, S.; Sun, L.; Liao, L. High performance composite polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021 , 31 , 2101380..
Banerjee, A.; Wang, X.; Fang, C.; Wu, E.; Meng, Y. Interfaces and interphases in all-solid-state batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes. Chem. Rev. 2020 , 120 , 6878−6933..
Liu, S.; Liu, W.; Ba, D.; Zhao, Y.; Ye, Y.; Li, Y.; Liu, J. Filler-integrated composite polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries. Adv. Mater. 2023 , 35 , 2110423..
Ma, T.; Fu, B.; Feng, H.; Li, Y.; Zhai, Y.; Tian, Y.; Li, Z.; Su, Z. Porous aromatic frameworks filler with anion-constrained centers in composite polymer electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202501412..
Wang, W.; Jia, M.; Bi, Z.; Guo, X. Porous g-C 3 N 4 microspheres wrapped by garnet nanoparticles enable solid composite electrolytes with improved ionic conduction and interfacial stability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025 , 35 , 2419182..
Lan, X.; Li, Z.; Zhao, C.; Li, Z.; Zeng, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Q.; Li, X.; Zhang, L.; Chen, Z.; Feng, X.; Wang, J.; Ding, F.; Hu, R.; Peng, J.; Cheng, H. Superionic composite electrolytes with continuously perpendicular-aligned pathways for pressure-less all-solid-state lithium batteries. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2026 , 21 , 388−396..
Shen, J.; Tian, W.; Liu, S.; Pan, H.; Yang, C.; Quan, H.; Zhu, S. Halogen-bonding nanoarchitectonics in supramolecular plasticizers for breaking the trade-off between ion transport and mechanical strength of polymer electrolytes for high-voltage Li-metal batteries. ACS Nano 2024 , 18 , 30716−30727..
Ren, Y.; Chen, S.; Odziomek, M.; Guo, J.; Xu, P.; Xie, H.; Tian, Z.; Antonietti, M.; Liu, T. Mixing functionality in polymer electrolytes: a new horizon for achieving high-performance all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202422169..
Qiu, H.; Yang, Y.; Liu, C.; Yao, Y.; Wu, Z.; He, S.; Pan, H.; Rui, X.; Yu, Y. Dual-conduction polymer electrolyte and stable interphase engineering for room-/subzero-temperature, long-cycling all-solid-state sodium batteries. Adv. Mater. 2026 , 38 , e19121..
Guo, M.; Gao, S.; Wang, Y.; Liu, K.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, Z.; Li, Y.; Li, C.; Zhang, L. Stabilization the electrode/electrolyte interphase by reconstructing the solvation structure of eutectic-based polymer electrolyte. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026 , 36 , e09739. .
[Wang, S.; Wu, C.; Li, C.; Wu, X.; Liu, C.; Cui, H.; Wu, W.; Li, L.; Lai, W. Eutectic-based polymer electrolyte with high ionic conductivity by regulating solvation for solid-state lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2026, doi: 10.1002/anie.7290677..
Liu, Y.; Ye, C.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Ding, Y.; Tang, S. Double-donor and anion-π polymer electrolytes for fast Li + conduction in lithium metal batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202516098..
Wang, H.; Yang, J.; Xu, X.; Geng, J.; Lin, X.; Xu, H.; Huang, Y. Competitive ion coordination in gel polymer electrolytes enables decoupling of mechanical strength and ionic conductivity. Adv. Mater. 2025 , 37 , e04625..
Lee, M.; Han, J.; Lee, K.; Lee, Y.; Kim, B.; Jung, K.; Kim, B.; Lee, S. Elastomeric electrolytes for high-energy solid-state lithium batteries. Nature 2022 , 601 , 217−222..
Li, B.; Wang, C.; Yu, R.; Han, J.; Jiang, S.; Zhang, C.; He, S. Recent progress on metal–organic framework/polymer composite electrol ytes for solid-state lithium metal batteries: ion transport regulation and interface engineering. Energy Environ. Sci. 2024 , 17 , 1854−1884..
Hong, Z.; Li, P.; Zou, Q.; Gu, L.; Wang, J.; Deng, L.; Wang, C.; Zhang, Y.; Li, M.; Chen, J.; Si, R.; Yang, C. Metal organic framework (MOF-808) incorporated composite polymer electrolyte for stable all-solid-state lithium batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2024 , 7 , 11967−11976..
Deng, S.; Yu, H.; Shang, X.; Hao, Q.; Tian, F.; Ge, Z.; Li, Z. A Self-crosslinking MOF-based electrolyte enabling stable and selective Li + conduction in solid-state lithium batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026 , 36 , e74779..
Sasieta-Barrutia, E.; Blanco, J.;Liendo, G.; López del Amo, J.; Armand, M.; Otaegui, L.; Morant-Miñana, M.; Villaverde, A. Solid electrolyte manufacturing methods and its effect on SSB performance. Chem. Eng. J. 2024 , 501 , 157391..
Yu, R.; Ma, Y.; Zhang, N.; Qiu, T.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G. Confined polymer electrolyte synthesis in porous frameworks for cold-climate zinc-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2025 , 37 , e11029..
Liao, M.; Wang, C.; Hong, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Cheng, X.; Sun, H.; Huang, X.; Ye, L.; Wu, J.; Shi, X.; Kang, X.; Zhou, X.; Wang, J.; Li, P.; Sun,X.; Chen, P.; Wang, B.; Wang, Y.; Xia, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Peng, H. Industrial scale production of fibre batteries by a solution-extrusion method. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2022 , 17 , 372−377..
Zhang, X.; Liu, T.; Zhang, S.; Huang, X.; Xu, B.; Lin, Y.; Xu, B.; Li, L.; Nan, C.; Shen, Y. Synergistic coupling between Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 O 12 and poly(vinylidene fluoride) induces high ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, and thermal stability of solid composite electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017 , 139 , 13779−13785..
Yao, S.; Kalami, S.; Nam, S.; Goodenough, J.; Khani, H. Development of an Electrophoretic deposition method for the in situ fabrication of ultra-thin composite-polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Small 2023 , 19 , 2208252..
Zheng, G.; Chen, Y.; Chen, R.; Li, X.; Chen, Z.; Zeng, Z.; Yan, H. Three-dimensional flame-retardant quasi-solid composite electrolyte with a fiber structure formed using the coaxial electrospinning to suppress lithium dendrite growth. Chem. Eng. J. 2025 , 518 , 164616..
Zhang, D.; Liu, Y.; Yang, S.; Zhu, J.; Hong, H.; Li, S.; Xiong, Q.; Huang, Z.; Wang, S.; Liu, J.; Zhi, C. Inhibiting residual solvent induced side reactions in vinylidene fluoride-based polymer electrolytes enables ultra-stable solid-state lithium metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 2024 , 36 , 2401549..
Whiteley, J.; Taynton, P.; Zhang, W.; Lee, S. Ultra-thin solid-state Li-ion electrolyte membrane facilitated by a self-healing polymer matrix. Adv. Mater. 2015 , 27 , 6922−6927..
Zhao, L.; Hou, M.; Ren, K.; Yang, D.; Li, F.; Yang, X.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, D.; Liu, S.; Lei, Y.; Liang, F. Hot-pressing enhances mechanical strength of PEO solid polymer electrolyte for all-solid-state sodium metal batteries. Small Methods 2024 , 8 , 2301579..
Song, J.; Shang, W.; Zhou, W.; Li, J.; Wu, X.; Li, W.; Zhang, R.; Liu, S. From issues to solutions: 3D printing for overcoming challenges in liquid-and solid-state batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 2025 , 79 , 104342..
Han, T.; Cui, Z.; Kuang, W.; Cai, Y.; Sun, J.; Li, Y. Ferroelectric nanofiber reinforced electrolyte empowers fully 3D-pri nted solid-state sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026 , 36 , e13625..
Yang, F.; Shen, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Ruan, W.; Rong, M.; Zhang, M. Ultra-long life solid-state lithium metal batteries enabled by 3D-printing of integrated porous cathode/composite polymer electrolyte with dynamic covalent bonds. Adv. Mater. 2025 , 37 , e09057..
Liu, Q.; Wang, L.; He, X. Toward practical solid-state polymer lithium batteries by in situ polymerization process: a review. Adv. Energy Mater. 2023 , 13 , 2300798..
Li, P.; Wang, S.; Hao, J.; Wang, X.; Hao, S.; Lu, Y.; Li, H.; Zhou, W.; Li, Y. Efficiencies of various in situ polymerizations of liquid electrolytes and the practical implications for quasi solid-state batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023 , 62 , e202309613..
Nair, J.; Shaji, I.; Ehteshami, N.; Thum, A.; Diddens, D.; Heuer, A.; Winter, M. Solid polymer electrolytes for lithium metal battery via thermally induced cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) with an insight into the reaction mechanism. Chem. Mater. 2019 , 31 , 3118−3133..
Huang, X.; Zhao, C.; Kong, W.; Yao, N.; Shuang, Z.; Xu, P.; Sun, S.; Lu, Y.; Huang, W.; Li, J.; Shen, L.; Chen, X.; Huang, J.; Archer, L.; Zhang, Q. Tailoring polymer electrolyte solvation for 600 Wh kg −1 lithium batteries. Nature 2025 , 646 , 343−350..
Wen, P.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, Z.; Lin, J.; Chen, M.; Lin, X. Solvent-free synthesis of the polymer electrolyte via photo-controlled radical polymerization: toward ultrafast in-built fabrication of solid-state batteries under visible light. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021 , 13 , 8426−8434..
[He, L.; Ye, H.; Sun, Q.; Tieu, A.; Lu, L.; Liu, Z.; Adams, S. in situ curing enables high performance all-solid-state lithium metal batteries based on ultrathin-layer solid electrolytes. Energy Storage Mater . 2023 , 60 , 102838..
[Zhu, J.; Ma, B.; Zhong, C.; Wang, Z.; Tian, C.; Weng, S.; Li, S.; Cao, M.; Wang, Z.; Li, Y.; Li, H.; Cheng, T.; Wang, X. In situ electrochemical polymerization enabling high-performance quasi-solid-state batteries. Adv. Energy Mater . 2026 , 16 , e04413..
Lu, C.; Jiang, H.; Cheng, X.; He, J.; Long, Y.; Chang, Y.; Gong, X.; Zhang, K.; Li, J.; Zhu, Z.; Wu, J.; Wang, J.; Zheng, Y.; Shi, X.;Ye, L.; Liao, M.; Sun, X.; Wang, B.; Chen, P.; Wang, Y.; Peng, H. High-performance fibre battery with polymer gel electrolyte. Nature 2024 , 629 , 86−91..
Yang, L.; Wang, Z.; Feng, Y.; Tan, R.; Zuo, Y.; Gao, R.; Zhao, Y.; Han, L.; Wang, Z.; Pan, F. Flexible composite solid electrolyte facilitating highly stable “soft contacting” Li-electrolyte interface for solid state lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017 , 7 , 1701437..
Pan, J.; Zhao, P.; Wang, N.; Huang, F.; Dou, S. Research progress in stable interfacial constructions between composite polymer electrolytes and electrodes. Energy Environ. Sci. 2022 , 15 , 2753−2775..
Chen, Y.; Jing, L.; Cai, W.; Cao, Z.; Ma, C.; Li, R.; Wu, Y.; Lv, S.; Zhai, Y.; Yang, W.; Wang, Y.; Fu, X. A Gradient nanodomain high-entropy polymer electrolyte tape for pressure-free solid-state lithium batteries. Adv. Mater. 2026 , 38 , e20657..
[Li, C.; Lu, G.; Wu, X.; Zhang, M.; Wu, X.; Piao, Z.; Xiao, X.; Han, Z.; Zhong, X.; Qiao, Q.; Chen, B.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, G.; Cheng, H. Confining lithium in a continuous nucleation state for dendrite-free solid-state lithium metal batteries. Nat. Synth . 2026 , doi: 10.1038/s44160-026-01010-x..
Yang, Z.; Ye, Y.; Meng, N.; Lian, F. Adaptive 3D cross-linked single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes enable powerful interface for solid state batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202505232..
Chen, K.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, X.; Liu, J.; Xie, H. A self-healing and nonflammable cross-linked network polymer electrolyte with the combination of hydrogen bonds and dynamic disulfide bonds for lithium metal batteries. Energy Environ. Mater. 2023 , 6 , e12568..
Jiang, Y.; Chen, K.; He, J.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, X.; Yang, X.; Xie, H.; Liu, J. A self-healing composite solid electrolyte with dynamic three-dimensional inorganic/organic hybrid network for flexible all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025 , 678 , 200−209..
[Zhang, M.; Chen, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Shao, A.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Li, X.; Cheng, Y.; Gou, W.; Wang, M.; Zhan, Q.; Yu, M.; Yang, C.; Yang, R.; Wang, H.; Ahn, J.; Ma, Y. A thermally-activated mol ecular “firewall” composite solid electrolyte for inherently safe lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater . 2026 , doi: 10.1002/adfm.75300..
Ma, X.; Lu, Y.; Ou, Y.; Yan, S.; Hou, W.; Zhou, P.; Liu, K. Strategies for flame-retardant polymer electrolytes for safe lithium-based batteries. Nano Res. 2024 , 17 , 8754−8771..
Altarawneh, M.; Saeed, A.; Al-Harahsheh, M.; Dlugogorski, B. Thermal decomposition of brominated flame retardants (BFRs): products and mechanisms. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2019 , 70 , 212−259..
Cui, Y.; Wan, J.; Ye, Y.; Liu, K.; Chou, L.; Cui, Y. A fireproof, lightweight, polymer–polymer solid-state electrolyte for safe lithium batteries. Nano Lett. 2020 , 20 , 1686−1692..
Zhou, H.; Yan, S.; Li, J.; Dong, H.; Zhou, P.; Wan, L.; Chen, X.; Zhang, W.; Xia, Y.; Wang, P.; Wang, B.; Liu, K. Lithium bromide-induced organic-rich cathode/electrolyte interphase for high-voltage and flame-retardant all-solid-state lithium batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022 , 14 , 24469−24479..
Zhang, Z.; Zhao, T.; Huang, S.; Wang, S.; Han, D.; Guo, H.; Xiao, M.; Meng, Y. Flame retardant polyurethane-based semi-interpenetrating network electrolyte with continuous ion channel for high-voltage lithium-metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2025 , 15 , 2403678..
Han, L.; Liu, Y.; Liao, C.; Zhao, Y.; Cao, Y.; Kan, Y.; Zhu, J.; Hu, Y. Noncombustible 7 µm-thick solid polymer electrolyte for highly energy density solid state lithium batteries. Nano Energy 2023 , 112 , 108448..
Fang, C.; Huang, K.; Zhao, J.; Tian, S.; Dou, H.; Zhang, X. Dual-filler reinforced PVDF-HFP based polymer electrolyte enabling high-safety design of lithium metal batteries. Nano Res. 2024 , 17 , 5251−5260..
Li, Z.; Zhu, S.; Gao, S.; He, Y.; Ding, H.; Yang, D.; Yang, H.; Cao, P. Fireproof solid polymer electrolyte with chemically bonded phosphorus toward stable and safe lithium-metal battery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024 , 34 , 2409836..
Chen, J.; He, C.; Peng, X.; Li, J.; Xu, X.; Zhou, Y.; Shen, J.; Sun, J.; Li, Y.; Zhao, T. Puzzle-like molecular assembly of non-flammable solid-state polymer electrolytes for safe and high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 2025 , 16 , 8494..
Qu, Y.; Su, C.; Wang, L.; Li, B.; Jiang, W.; Li, R.; Pei, M.; Song, W.; Zhuo, S.; Jin, X.; Liu, D.; Jian, X.; Hu, F. Interface engineered electrolyte design strategy for ultralong-cycle solid-state lithium batteries over wide temperature range. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202506731..
Ma, J.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, Q.; Qin, Z.; Zhang, J.; Liu, B.; Huang, D.; Ren, Y.; Nan, C.; Wang, X. Tuning anion chemistry to enhance bulk and interfacial stability in low-temperature lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2025 , 15 , 2500631..
Li, Z.; Yu, R.; Weng, S.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, X.; Guo, X. Tailoring polymer electrolyte ionic conductivity for production of low-temperature operating quasi-all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 2023 , 14 , 482..
[Chang, G.; Zhao, H.; Cui, B.; Zhang, H.; Li, S.; Zhang, L.; Li, Z.; Qiu, J. Local thermal strain regulated solid electrolyte interphase with advanced high-temperature tolerance. J. Am. Chem. Soc . 2026 , doi: 10.1021/jacs.6c02582..
Zhu, G.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, X.; Wu, G.; Wang, Y. Soft-hard synergistic solid all-polymer electrolyte inspired by musculoskeletal structure for high-temperature lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025 , 35 , 2503481..
Dai, X.; Zhou, K.; Zhang, L.; Wu, T.; Ye, H.; Cao, X.; Han, Y.; Huang, G.; Xu, S. Polymer-based solid electrolyte with ultra thermostability exceeding 300 °C for high-temperature lithium-ion batteries in oil drilling industries. Nano Energy 2025 , 133 , 110475..
0
Views
0
Downloads
0
CSCD
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010802046900号