Phase Equilibrium Analysis of Ternary Systems Based on an Epoxy Oligomer, Polysulfone, and Tetraethoxysilane

Ivan M. Obidin; Maria V. Mironova; Ivan Yu. Skvortsov

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3783-6

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Phase Equilibrium Analysis of Ternary Systems Based on an Epoxy Oligomer, Polysulfone, and Tetraethoxysilane

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2026-09-01

- Phase Equilibrium Analysis of Ternary Systems Based on an Epoxy Oligomer, Polysulfone, and Tetraethoxysilane
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 44, Pages: 1-12(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- Author bio：
  
  iskvortsov@ips.ac.ru
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3783-6
  CLC：
- Received：08 April 2026，
  
  Accepted：11 June 2026，
  
  Online First：01 September 2026，
  
  Published：2026-07
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Obidin, I. M.; Mironova, M. V.; Skvortsov, I. Y. Phase equilibrium analysis of ternary systems based on an epoxy oligomer, polysulfone, and tetraethoxysilane. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3783-6

Ivan M. Obidin, Maria V. Mironova, Ivan Yu. Skvortsov. Phase Equilibrium Analysis of Ternary Systems Based on an Epoxy Oligomer, Polysulfone, and Tetraethoxysilane[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-12.
Obidin, I. M.; Mironova, M. V.; Skvortsov, I. Y. Phase equilibrium analysis of ternary systems based on an epoxy oligomer, polysulfone, and tetraethoxysilane. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3783-6 DOI：

Ivan M. Obidin, Maria V. Mironova, Ivan Yu. Skvortsov. Phase Equilibrium Analysis of Ternary Systems Based on an Epoxy Oligomer, Polysulfone, and Tetraethoxysilane[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 441-12. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3783-6.

摘要

Abstract

Phase equilibria were investigated in uncured mixtures composed of an epoxy oligomer

polysulfone

and tetraethoxysilane. Pairwise interaction parameters were calculated and binodal curves were constructed. The mutual diffusion coefficients of the components were determined and the influence of tetraethoxysilane on the diffusion processes in both binary and ternary systems was examined. Phase diagrams of the binary and ternary systems were established using optical microscopy and dynamic light scattering

and the boundary compositions corresponding to the single-phase region were identified.

关键词

Keywords

references

Fekiač, J. J.; Krbata, M.; Kohutiar, M.; Janík, R.; Kakošová, L.; Breznická, A.; Eckert, M.; Mikuš, P. Comprehensive review: optimization of epoxy composites, mechanical properties, & te chnological trends. Polymers 2025 , 17 , 271..

[Luo, L.; Zhang, F.; Leng, J. Shape memory epoxy resin and its composites: from materials to applications. Research 2022 , 2 0 22 , 9767830..

Liang, M.; Liu, X.; Liu, D.; Li, X.; Hu, X.; Feng, C.; Li, T.-T.; Lin, J.-H.; Chang, B.; Chen, J. A review of the curing rate and mechanical properties of epoxy resin on polymer matrix composites. J. Polym. Res. 2024 , 31 , 337..

Mousavi, S. R.; Estaji, S.; Paydayesh, A.; Arjmand,M.; Jafari, S. H.; Nouranian, S.; Khonakdar, H. A. A review of recent progress in improving the fracture toughness of epoxy-based composites using carbonaceous nanofillers. Polym. Compos. 2022 , 43 , 1871−1886..

Gonçalves, F. A. M. M.; Santos, M.; Cernadas, T.; Alves, P.; Ferreira, P. Influence of fillers on epoxy resins properties: a review. J. Mater. Sci. 2022 , 57 , 15183−15192..

Zhang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Huang, R.; Tan, L. Advances in toughening modification methods f or epoxy resins: a comprehensive review. Polymers 2025 , 17 , 1288..

Sun, S.; Yu, Q.; Yu, B.; Zhou, F. New progress in the application of flame-retardant modified epoxy resins and fire-retardant coatings. Coatings 2023 , 13 , 1663..

Wang, S.; Cao, M.; Xue, H.; Cong, F.; Li, X.; Zhao, C.; Su, W. Nano-silica reinforced epoxy resin/nano-rubber composite material with a balance of stiffness and toughness. High Perform. Polym. 2021 , 33 , 685−694..

Yu, B.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Jin, Y.; Song, Y.; Peng, M. Enhancing the mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy resin laminates through a combination of carbon fiber coating and matrix reinforcement with an aminated para-polyamide. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2025 , 191 , 108740..

Deng, E.; Dai, X.; Zhang, L.; Zheng, T.; Liu, X.; Shen, J. High-efficient toughening and strengthening of epoxy resin with organic-inorganic core-shell nanoparticles. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2025 , 198 , 109113..

Hao, Q.; Liu, S.; Wang, X.; Zhang, P.; Mao, Z.; Zhang, X. Progression from graphene and graphene oxide to high-performance epoxy resin-based composite. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2024 , 223 , 110731..

Karthikeyan, L.; Robert, T. M.; Desakumaran, D.; Balachandran, N.; Mathew, D. Epoxy terminated, urethane-bridged poly (ether ether ketone) as a reactive toughening agent for epoxy resins. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2022 , 112 , 102983..

Rehman, M. M.; Shaker, K.; Nawab, Y. Influence of polyether ether ketone particles on thermal characteristics of carbon/epoxy composite. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2023 , 148 , 6003−6011..

Zheng, T.; Xi, H.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Qiao, Y.; Wang, P.; Li, Q.; Li, Z.; Ji, C.; Wang, X. The curing kinetics and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced by PEEK microparticles. Polym. Test. 2020 , 91 , 106781..

Tretyakov, I. V.; Petrova, T. V.; Kireynov, A. V.; Korokhin, R. A.; Platonova, E. O.; Alexeeva, O. V.; Gorbatkina, Yu. A.; Solodilov, V. I.; Yurkov, G. Yu.; Berlin, A. A. Fracture of epoxy matrixes modified with thermo-plastic polymers and winding glass fibers reinforced plastics on their base under low-velocity impact condition. Polymers 2023 , 15 , 2958..

Tretyakov, I. V.; Vyatkina, M. A.; Cherevinskiy, A. P.; Solodilov, V. I.; Shapagin, A. V.; Korokhin, R. A.; Budylin, N. Yu.; Kireinov, A. V.; Gorbatkina, Yu. A. Effect of polyethersulfone on the properties of epoxy resin and wound unidirectional glass fiber reinforced plastics based on it. Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. Phys. 2021 , 85 , 876−880..

Sopotov, R. I.; Zyukin, S. V.; Gorbunova, I. Yu.; Tuzova, S. Yu. The rheokinetics of the curing of epoxy oligomer ED-20 modified with polysulphone and polyesterimide. Int. Polym. Sci. Technol. 2016 , 43 , 7−10..

Girard-Reydet, E.; Vicard, V.; Pascault, J. P.; Sautereau, H. Polyetherimide-modified epoxy networks: Influence of cure conditions on morphology and mechanical properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1997 , 65 , 2433−2445..

Gorbunova, I. Yu.; Shustov, N. V.; Kerber, M. L. Influence of thermoplastic modifiers on the properties and the process of curing of epoxy polymers. J. Eng. Phys. Thermophys. 2003 , 76 , 572−576..

Polunin, S. V.; Gorbunova, I. Yu.; Kerber, M. L. Properties of epoxy matrix modified with boron nitride. Polym. Sci. Ser. D 2024 , 17 , 745−747..

Wang, D.; Guo, Z.; Zhao, L.; Li, H.; Liu, C.; Zhang, G.; Xiao, W.; Zheng, S.; Su, K.; Zhang, Y.; Li, B. Mechanical properties, thermal stability, and phase structure of polysulfone toughened epoxy structural adhesive. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2025 , 142 , e57574..

Sun, Z.; Xu, L.; Chen, Z.; Wang, Y.; Tusiime, R.; Cheng, C.; Zhou, S.; Liu, Y.; Yu, M.; Zhang, H. Enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy resin via blending with thermoplastic polysulfone. Polymers 2019 , 11 , 461..

Dzhangurazov, E. B.; Petrova, T. V.; Shapagin, A. V.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Korokhin, R. A.; Kireynov, A. V.; Alexeeva, O. V.; Solodilov, V. I.; Yurkov, G. Yu.; Berlin, A. A. Fracture toughness of winding carbon plastics based on epoxy matrices and reinforced by polysulfone film. Polymers 2025 , 17 , 220..

Yuan, Q.; Wang, Z.; Yao, H.; Huang, J.; Zuo, S.; Huang, H. Comparative study of reactive diluents with different molecular structures on the curing properties of epoxy adhesives and the interface bonding properties with mortar. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2023 , 126 , 1034 73..

Ponomarenko, A. D.; Nikulova, U. V.; Shapagin, A. V. Phase equilibria and interdiffusion in the ternary system epoxy oligomer-polysulfone-alkyl glycidyl ether. Polymers 2024 , 16 , 130..

Petrova, T. V.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Kireynov, A. V.; Shapagin, A. V.; Budylin, N. Yu.; Alexeeva, O. V.; Beshtoev, B. Z.; Solodilov, V. I.; Yurkov, G. Yu.; Berlin, A. A. Structure and properties of epoxy polysulfone systems modified with an active diluent. Polymers 2022 , 14 , 5320..

Qiao, J.; He, J.; Lv, Y.; Yang, W.; Wang, K.; Huang, S.; Xu, K. The effect of different active diluents on the properties of epoxy materials. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2024 , 2783 , 012027..

Petrova, T. V.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Solodilov, V. I. Technological parameters of epoxypolysulphone binders modified with furfuryl glycidyl ether. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. B 2023 , 17 , 177−181..

Liu, F.; Guo, K.; Yuan, J. Preparation of the modified epoxy resins with flexible diglycidyl ether of diethylene glycol. High Perform. Polym. 2014 , 26 , 326−334..

Li, C.; Liu, M.-H.; Liu, Z.-Y.; Qing, M.-L.; Wang, G. DSC and curing kinetics of epoxy resin using cyclohexanediol diglycidyl ether as active diluents. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2014 , 116 , 411−416..

Malburet, S.; Bertrand, H.; Richard, C.; Lacabanne, C.; Dantras, E.; Graillot, A. Biobased epoxy reactive diluents prepared from monophenol derivatives: effect on viscosity and glass transition temperature of epoxy resins. RSC Adv. 2023 , 13 , 15099−15106..

Kurbatov, V. G.; Pugacheva, T. A.; Malkov, G. V.; Krasikova, M. S.; Golikov, I. V.; Il'in, A. A. Effect of active diluents on properties of epoxy compounds and coatings based on them. Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 2020 , 93 , 1340−1348..

Wang, D.; Wang, X.; Han, K.; Wang, D.; Yao, Z.; Yu, M.; He, Q.; Zhang, G. Effects of reactive diluent on processing, structure, and properties of epoxy foams and their sandwich composites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2024 , 64 , 2073−2081..

Jagtap, A. R.; More, A. Developments inreactive diluents: a review. Polym. Bull. 2022 , 79 , 5667−5708..

[Skvortsov, I. Y. Study of the influence of the sol-gel process of hydrolytic polycondensation of alkoxysilanes on the structure and properties of composites based on curable thermosetting binders. Thesis, Lomonosov Moscow State Academy of Fine Chemical Technology, 2011 .

[Cheng, H.; Yin, Y.; Meng, W.; Liu, A.; Peng, L. Performance of epoxy resin composites reinforced with SiC modified by hydroxyl silane coupling agents. Chem. Select 2025 , 10 , e02509..

Taieh, N. K.; Hakeem, H. S.; Kadhim, M. S.; Mejbel, M. K.; Abdullah, I. T.; Al-Attabi, R.; Al-Khafaji, Z. S.; Nassir, M. H.; Idan, I. J.; Faris, A. N. Optimizing mechanical performance in woven basalt fibers/epoxy composites: Using silane coupling agents to modify epoxy resinfor fiber-matrix interface. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 2025 , 35 , 680−696..

[Lin, X.; Chen, X.; Zhao, S.; Dou, B.; Peng, Q.; Deng, Z.; Wang, B.; Dong, C.; Chen, H.; Ren, M. Effect of silane-modified fluorinated graphene on the anticorrosion property of epoxy coating. J. Appl. Polym. Sci . 2023 , 140 , e 53637..

Branda, F.; Grappa, R.; Costantini, A.; Luciani, G. Sol-gel approach for fabricating silica/epoxy nanocomposites. Polymers 2023 , 15 , 2987..

Skvortsov, I. Yu.; Varfolomeeva, L. A.; Kulichikhin, V. G. The effect of tetraethoxysilane on the phase state, rheological properties, and coagulation features of polyacrylonitrile solutions. Colloid J. 2019 , 81 , 165−175..

[Sato, Y.; Sugimoto, A.; Iwashina, T.; Hayami, R.; Yamamoto, K.; Gunji, T. Hydrolysis and condensation behavior of tetraethoxysilane, hexaethoxydisiloxane, and octaethoxytrisiloxane. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol . 2023 , 1 0 8 , 377−391..

Shao, Q.; Pei, C.; Jin, M.; Ding, Y.; Chen, Z.; Kuang, T. Anchoring nanofillers at immiscible polymer interfaces enables strong, tough, high-output triboelectrics. Nano Lett. 2025 , 25 , 15895−15903..

Guo, H.; Ding, Y.; Lu, X.; Li, W.; Kuang, T. Precisely anchored amphiphilic metal-organic frameworks at polymer interfaces for robust biodegradable blends. Chem. Mater. 2025 , 37 , 7398−7409..

Skvortsov, I. Yu.; Kuzin, M. S.; Gerasimenko, P. S.; Mironova, M. V.; Golubev, Y. V.; Kulichikhin, V. G. Non-coagulant spinning of high-strength fibers from homopolymer polyacrylonitrile synthesized via anionic polymerisation. Polymers 2024 , 16 , 1185..

Mironova, M. V.; Tarasov, A. E.; Kuzin, M. S.; Skvortsov, I. Yu.; Arkharova, N. A.; Podval'naya, Yu. V.; Kulichikhin, V. G. Rheological and relaxational properties of mixed solutions based on linear and highly branched polyacrylonitrile. Polym. Sci. Ser. A 2022 , 64 , 354−365..

[Robinson, C. Interferometric studies in diffusion. I. Determination of concentration distributions. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 1950 , 2 0 4 , 339−359..

Duda, J. L.; Sigelko, W. L.; Vrentas, J. S. Binary diffusion studies with a wedge interferometer. J. Phys. Chem. 1969 , 73 , 141−149..

Chalykh, A. E.; Sapozhnikova, I. N. Phase equilibria and mutual diffusion in pol ymer-polymer systems with chlorine-containing components. Russ. Chem. Rev. 1984 , 53 , 1062−1077..

Skvortsov, I. Y.; Kulichikhin, V. G.; Ponomarev, I. I.; Varfolomeeva, L. A.; Kuzin, M. S.; Razorenov, D. Y.; Zhigalina, O. M.; Khmelenin, D. N.; Kechek'yan, A. S. Some specifics of defect-free poly-(o-aminophenylene)naphthoylenimide fibers preparation by wet spinning. Materials 2022 , 15 , 808..

Shapagin, A. V.; Budylin, N. Yu.; Chalykh, A. E. Regulation of a phase structure at the interface in epoxy-polysulfone systems. Russ. Chem. Bull. 2018 , 67 , 2172−2177..

Makarov, I. S.; Golova, L. K.; Kuznetsova, L. K.; Bondarenko, G. N.; Skvortsov, I. Yu.; Mironova, M. V.; Platonov, V. A.; Bermeshev, M. V.; Gromov, A. V. Composite fibers based on cellulose and tetraetoxysilane: Preparation, structure and properties. Fibre Chem. 2017 , 49 , 101−107..

Lin, H.-M.; Nash, R. A. An experimental method for determining the Hildebrand solubility parameter of organic nonelectrolytes. J. Pharm. Sci. 1993 , 82 , 1018−1026..

Bhamare, V. G.; Joshi, R. R.; Gangurde, M. S.; Pawar, V. V. Theoretical consideration of solubility by Hildebrand solubility approach. World J. Adv. Res. Rev. 2021 , 12 , 528−541..

Zalamena, G.; Lopes, T. J.; Lucas, E. F.; Ramos, A. C. S. The Hildebrand solubility parameter and its importance in the scientific and technological scenario of flow assurance operations. Pet. Chem. 2023 , 63 , 886−897..

[Flory, P. J. Thermodynamics of high polymer solutions. J. Chem. Phys . 1942 , 10 , 51−61..

[Klueppelberg, J.; Handge, U. A.; Thommes, M.; Winck, J. Composition dependency of the Flory--Huggins interaction parameter in drug-polymer phase behavior. Pharmaceutics 2023 , 15 , 2650..

[Hansen, C. M. Hansen solubility parameters: a user's handbook, 2nd ed.; CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2007 .

Skvortsov, I. Yu.; Kuzin, M. S.; Gerasimenko, P. S.; Kulichikhin, V. G.; M alkin, A. Ya. Role of small amounts of water in the gelation of polyacrylonitrile solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide: Rheology, kinetics, and mechanism. Macromolecules 2024 , 57 , 3647−3663..

Hu, Y.; Sreeram, A.; Xia, W.; Wang, H.; Zhou, L.; Si, W.; Chen, Y.; Wu, P.; Liu, G. Use of Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) in the selection of highly effective rejuvenators for aged bitumen. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 2025 , 26 , 734−752..

[Ethier, J.; Antoniuk, E. R.; Brettmann, B. Predicting polymer solubility from phase diagrams to compatibility: a perspective on challenges and opportunities. Soft Matter 2024 , 2 0, 5652−5669..

Kuzin, M. S.; Skvortsov, I. Y.; Gerasimenko, P. S.; Subbotin, A. V.; Malkin, A. Ya. The role of the solvent nature in stretching polymer solutions (polyacrylonitrile spinning using different solvents). J. Mol. Liq. 2023 , 392 , 123516..

Patel, K. G.; Maynard, R. K.; Ferguson, L. S.; Broich, M. L.; Bledsoe, J. C.; Wood, C. C.; Coates, I.; Brettmann, B. Experimentally determined Hansen solubility parameters of biobased and biodegradable polyesters. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2024 , 12 , 2386−2393..

Chalykh, A. E.; Gerasimov, V. K.; Bukhteev, A. E.; Shapagin, A. V.; Kudryakova, G. K.; Brantseva, T. V.; Antonov, S. V.; Korokhin, R. A. Compatibility and phase structure evolution in polysulfone-curable epoxy oligomer blends. Polym. Sci. Ser. A 2003 , 45 , 676−685..

Medina Gonzalez, Y.; de Caro, P.; Thiebaud-Roux, S.; Lacaze-Dufaure, C. Fatty acid methyl esters as biosolvents of epoxy resins: A physicochemical study. J. Solution Chem. 2007 , 36 , 437−446..

[Ning, N.; Qiu, Y.; Wei, Y. Building effective core/shell polymer nanoparticles for epoxy composite toughening based on Hansen solubility parameters. Nanotechnol. Rev . 2021 , 10 , 1183−1196..

Barabash, E.; Popov, Y.; Danchenko, Y. The study of the influence of chemical nature of functional groups in oligomeric and low-molecular modifiers on the rheological properties of the epoxy oligomer. Chem. Chem. Technol. 2021 , 15 , 53−60..

Tomić, M.; Dunjić, B.; Nikolić, M. S.; Maletaškić, J.; Pavlović, V. B.; Bajat, J. ; Stevanović, J. Dispersion efficiency of montmorillonites in epoxy nanocomposites using solution intercalation and direct mixing methods. Appl. Clay Sci. 2018 , 154 , 52−63..

Maldonado-Lopez, L. E.; Fimbres-Weihs, G. A.; Escobar-Barrios, V. A. Structural modification of polysulfone/NMP membranes: effect of chloroform as co-solvent. Polym. Bull. 2022 , 79 , 6601−6615..

Milliman, H. W.; Boris, D.; Schiraldi, D. A. Experimental determination of Hansen solubility parameters for select POSS and polymer compounds as a guide to POSS-polymer interaction potentials. Macromolecules 2012 , 45 , 1931−1936..

Ghorani, B.; Russell, S. J.; Hebden, A. J.; Goswami, P. Single step assembly of biomolecule-loaded sub-micron polysulfone fibers. Text. Res. J. 2017 , 87 , 340−350..

[Chalykh, A. E.; Gerasimov, V. K.; Mikhailov, Y. M. Diagrams of phase state of polymer systems, Yanus-K: Moscow, 1998 .

Shapagin, A. V.; Budylin, N. Yu.; Chalykh, A. E.; Solodilov, V. I.; Korokhin, R. A.; Pot eryaev, A. A. Phase equilibrium, morphology, and physico-mechanics in epoxy-thermoplastic mixtures with upper and lower critical solution temperatures. Polymers 2021 , 13 , 35..

[Chalykh, A. E.; Budylin, N. Yu.; Shapagin, A. V. Diffusion in epoxy oligomers and polymers. In multifunctional epoxy resins: self-healing, thermally and electrically conductive resins ; Hameed, N., Capricho, J. C., Salim, N., Thomas, S., Eds.; Springer Nature, Singapore, 2023 , pp. 41−105..

Bazhanov, D. A.; Poteryaev, A. A.; Shapagin, A. V.; Shcherbina, A. A. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers as potential thermoplastic modifiers of photopolymer compositions. Polymers 2023 , 15 , 131..

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Application of Polysulfone Cardo Copolymer in Epoxy Resin Binders for the Production of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Bio-derived Flame-retardant Curing Agents Enable One-step, Ambient Synthesis of Ultra-tough, Smoke-suppressed Epoxy

A Unified Approach to Phase Equilibria in Multi-component Polymer Systems with Effective Chemical Potential

Squaramide-directed Cooperative One-dimensional Assembly in Telechelic Polydimethylsiloxane for Hierarchical Network Formation

Epoxy-functionalized Cyclohexane-based Ricinoleate Plasticizer: Synthesis, Performance Evaluation, and Plasticizing Mechanism

Related Author

Stepan V Polunin

Kirill A Atamas

Irina Yu Gorbunova

Darya A Konstantinova

Venera Kh Aleshina

Hang-Tian Hu

Dan Xie

Zheng-Hong Guo

Related Institution

Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square 9

Institute of Fire Safety Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ningbo Tech University

Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University

School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University

State Key Laboratory of Molecule Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University

⁰