Investigation of Bio-based Acrylate Reactive Diluents for UV-curable Electronic Packaging Polyurethane Adhesives

Yun-Tao Li; Shun-Peng Sun; Ya-Meng Jia; Shu-Sheng Li; Chuan-Yong Zong; Xu-Bao Jiang; Xiao-Li Zhu

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3723-5

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Investigation of Bio-based Acrylate Reactive Diluents for UV-curable Electronic Packaging Polyurethane Adhesives

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2026-09-23

- Investigation of Bio-based Acrylate Reactive Diluents for UV-curable Electronic Packaging Polyurethane Adhesives
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 44, Issue 10, Pages: 3463-3475(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  a.College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
  b.National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials & Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
  c.Institute for UJN-SD Link New Material Research, Shandong Link Adhesive Co., Ltd., Jinan 251400, China
- Author bio：
  
  chm_liss@ujn.edu.cn (S.S.L.)
  chm_zhuxl@ujn.edu.cn (X.L.Z.)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3723-5
  CLC：
- Received：02 February 2026，
  
  Accepted：20 April 2026，
  
  Online First：22 July 2026，
  
  Published：05 October 2026
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Li, Y. T.; Sun, S. P.; Jia, Y. M.; Li, S. S.; Zong, C. Y.; Jiang, X. B.; Zhu, X. L. Investigation of bio-based acrylate reactive diluents for UV-curable electronic packaging polyurethane adhesives. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 3463–3475

Yun-Tao Li, Shun-Peng Sun, Ya-Meng Jia, et al. Investigation of Bio-based Acrylate Reactive Diluents for UV-curable Electronic Packaging Polyurethane Adhesives[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(10): 3463-3475.
Li, Y. T.; Sun, S. P.; Jia, Y. M.; Li, S. S.; Zong, C. Y.; Jiang, X. B.; Zhu, X. L. Investigation of bio-based acrylate reactive diluents for UV-curable electronic packaging polyurethane adhesives. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 3463–3475 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3723-5.

Yun-Tao Li, Shun-Peng Sun, Ya-Meng Jia, et al. Investigation of Bio-based Acrylate Reactive Diluents for UV-curable Electronic Packaging Polyurethane Adhesives[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(10): 3463-3475. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3723-5.

摘要

By replacing traditional diluents with bio-based reactive diluents and compounding them with acrylate-terminated polyurethane

a UV-curable adhesive suitable for smart wearable devices is obtained.

Abstract

Traditional acrylate reactive diluents

which are derived from fossil resources

are known to exhibit significant irritation and allergenic potential

leading to their prohibition in high-end electronics

particularly in wearable devices. To address these limitations

four bio-based acrylate reactive diluents (BRDs) were synthesized

via

the reaction of alcohols derived from renewable sources

piperitol

vanillin

eugenol

and isosorbide

with methacrylic anhydride. The viscosity of the synthesized BRDs and the

of their corresponding polymers were systematically evaluated and compared with those of the petroleum-based diluent isobornyl acrylate (IBOA). The BRDs were then blended with acrylate-terminated polyurethane (APU) to formulate a series of UV-curable polyurethane adhesives (APU-BRDs). The results suggest that BRDs effectively reduce the viscosity of APU. By selecting and combining BRDs

the bonding strength of APU-BRDs to polar substrates such as PC and glass can reach 20 MPa. Even for non-polar substrates like PE

the strength is close to 5 MPa. The values obtained in this study exceed those of adhesives prepared using the conventional petroleum-based diluent IBOA. Furthermore

the study explored the potential application of APU-BRDs in smart wearable devices

confirming their suitability for next-generation wearable technology.

关键词

Keywords

references

Moghaddam, F.; Tutunchi, A. The effect of modified silica nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of UV-curable polyurethane acrylate adhesive. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2025 , 137 , 103899..

Zheng, K.; Wang, J.; Chen, J.; Hao, J.; Liu, Z.; Xing, S.; Yang, J.; Chen, D. High-strength and debondable UV-curable adhesive based on dual-dynamic network. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2025 , 242 , 111665..

Wang, G.; Zhou, Z.; Chen, M.; Wang, J.; Yu, Y. UV-curable polyuretha ne acrylate pressure-sensitive adhesives with high optical clarity for full lamination of TFT-LCD. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2023 , 5 , 2051−2061..

Liu, Z.; Ju, C.; Li, P.; Yan, Z. C.; Zhang, Z. Disulfide-functionalized polyurethanes serve as UV-curable one-component adhesives. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2025 , 142 , e56520..

Choi, W. C.; Gavande, V.; Kim, D. Y.; Lee, W. K. Study on press formability and properties of UV-curable polyurethane acrylate coatings with different reactive diluents. Polymers 2023 , 15 , 880..

Baek, P.; Adler, B. L. Allergic contact dermatitis to isobornyl acrylate in a home nail glue. Contact Dermatitis 2024 , 91 , 64−66..

Kamann, S.; Oppel, E.; Liu, F.; Reichl, F. X.; Heinemann, L.; Högg, C. Evaluation of isobornyl acrylate content in medical devices for diabetes treatment. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2019 , 21 , 533−537..

Yadav, S. K.; Schmalbach, K. M.; Kinaci, E.; Stanzione, J. F.; Palmese, G. R. Recent advances in plant-based vinyl ester resins and reactive diluents. Eur. Polym. J. 2018 , 98 , 199−215..

Pérocheau Arnaud, S.; Malitowski, N. M.; Meza Casamayor, K.; Robert, T. Itaconic acid-based reactive diluents for renewable and acrylate-free UV-curing additive manufacturing materials. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2021 , 9 , 17142−17151..

He, Q.; Hu, L.; Huang, Y.; Huang, T.; Zhu, Z.; Li, Y.; Hu, Y.; Yang, Z. Eugenol-based multi-functional monomer as reactive diluent for high bio-content UV-curable coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 2025 , 200 , 109079..

Yu, A. Z.; Serum, E. M.; Renner, A. C.; Sahouani, J. M.; Sibi, M. P.; Webster, D. C. Renewable reactive diluents as practical styrene replacements in biobased vinyl ester thermosets. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018 , 6 , 12586−12592..

Wu, J.; Qian, Y.; Sutton, C. A.; La Scala, J. J.; Webster, D. C.; Sibi, M. P. Bio-based furanic di(meth)acrylates as reactive diluents for UV curable coatings: Synthesis andcoating evaluation. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2021 , 9 , 15537−15544..

Dai, Z.; Li, Q.; Chen, Z.; S hawon, R. K.; Zhu, Y.; Lv, H.; Fu, F.; Zhu, Y.; Fu, Y.; Liu, X. Reactive diluent derived from ferulic acid for the preparation of a fully biobased unsaturated polyester resin. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2020 , 8 , 17379−17386..

Zhang, C.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Cui, Y.; Zhao, M.; Peng, S.; Wang, H.; Song, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Shi, D.; Zhu, Y. Effects of polyol types on underwater curing properties of polyurethane. Polymers 2025 , 17 , 5..

Li, S.; Liu, Z.; Hou, L.; Chen, Y.; Xu, T. Effect of polyether/polyester polyol ratio on properties of waterborne two-component polyurethane coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 2020 , 141 , 105545..

Li, G.; Duan, B.; Leng, G.; Liu, J.; Zhang, T.; Lu, Z.; Wang, S.; Qu, J. Preparation of yellowing-resistant waterborne polyurethane modified with disulfide bonds. Molecules 2024 , 29 , 2099..

Wang, H.; Cao, L.; Wang, X.; Lang, X.; Cong, W.; Han, L.; Zhang, H.; Zhou, H.; Sun, J.; Zong, C. Effects of isocyanate structure on the properties of polyurethane: Synthesis, performance, and self-healing characteristics. Polymers 2024 , 16 , 3045..

Droesbeke, M. A.; Aksakal, R.; Simula, A.; Asua, J. M.; Du Prez, F. E. Biobased acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2021 , 117 , 101396..

Stanzione, J. F.; Sadler, J. M.; La Scala, J. J.; Wool, R. P. Lignin model compounds as bio-based reactive diluents for liquid molding resins. ChemSusChem 2012 , 5 , 1291−1297..

Gomez-Lopez, A.; Grignard, B.; Calvo, I.; Detrembleur, C.; Sardon, H. Synergetic effect of dopamine and alkoxysilanes in sustainable non-isocyanate polyurethane adhesives. Macromol. Rapid Comm. 2021 , 42 , 2000538..

Wang, T.; Deng, H.; Li, N.; Xie, F.; Shi, H.; Wu, M.; Zhang, C. Mechanically strongnon-isocyanate polyurethane thermosets from cyclic carbonate linseed oil. Green Chem. 2022 , 24 , 8355−8366..

Mousa, A.; Karger-Kocsis, J. Cure characteristics of a vinyl ester resin as assessed by FTIR and DSC techniques. Polym. Polym. Compos. 2000 , 8 , 455−460..

Stanzione Iii, J. F .; Sadler, J. M.; La Scala, J. J.; Reno, K. H.; Wool, R. P. Vanillin-based resin for use in composite applications. Green Chem. 2012 , 14 , 2346−2352..

Marcelis, Q.; Deconinck, E.; Rogiers, V.; Vanhaecke, T.; Desmedt, B. Applicability of the DPRA on mixture testing: Challenges and opportunities. Arch. Toxicol. 2023 , 97 , 2453−2461..

Sakakura, A.; Kawajiri, K.; Ohkubo, T.; Kosugi, Y.; Ishihara, K. Widely useful DMAP-catalyzed esterification under auxiliary base- and solvent-free conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007 , 129 , 14775−14779..

Sivabalan, P.; Kozody, M. J.; Yuya, P.; Samways, D. S. K.; Shipp, D. A. Synthesis of soluble poly(methacrylic anhydride) by radical cyclopolymerization. Macromolecules 2024 , 57 , 3985−3992..

Xu, C. A.; Liang, W.; Wu, X.; Jiao, E.; Lu, M.; Wu, K.; Hao, X.; Shi, J. Effect of novel silicone/vanillin monomer on the thermal stability and adhesion properties of UV-curable polyurethane pressure sensitive adhesive and its application in functional glass. Prog. Org. Coat. 2022 , 171 , 107019..

Jašek, V.; Fučík, J.; Krhut, J.; Mravcova, L.; Figalla, S.; Přikryl, R. A study of isosorbide synthesis from sorbitol for material applications using isosorbide dimethacrylate for enhancement of bio-based resins. Polymers 2023 , 15 , 3640..

Sadler, J. M.; Nguyen, A. P. T.; Toulan, F. R.; Szabo, J. P.; Palmese, G. R.; Scheck, C.; Lutgen, S.; La Scala, J. J. Isosorbide-methacrylate as a bio-based low viscosity resin for high performance thermosetting applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013 , 1 , 12579−12586..

Alvarez, F.; Colmenero, J.; Wang, C. H.; Xia, J. L.; Fytas, G. Segmental dynamics in bulk poly(isobomyl methacrylate) and its random copolymer with poly(methyl methacrylate) near T g . Macromolecules 1995 , 28 , 6488−6493..

Yang, T. P.; Pearce, E. M.; Kwei, T. K.; Yang, N. L. Complexation of poly( N,N -dimethylacrylamide) and phenol-formaldehyde resins. Macromolecules 1989 , 22 , 1813−1818..

Badía, A.; Santos, J. I.; Agirre, A.; Barandiaran, M. J.; Leiza, J. R. UV-tunable biobased pressure-sensitive adhesives containing piperonyl methacrylate. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019 , 7 , 19122−19130..

[Rodrigo, A. B. Development of waterborne polymeric dispersions based on biobased monomers for their application as PSAs and coatings. University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 2020 .

Petersen, S. R.; Prydderch, H.; Worch, J. C.; Stubbs, C. J.; Wang, Z.; Yu, J.; Arno, M. C.; Dobrynin, A. V.; Becker, M. L.; Dove, A. P. Ultra-tough elastomers from stereochemistry-directed hydrogen bonding in isosorbide-based polymers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022 , 61 , e202115904..

Jašek, V.; Bartoš, O.; Prokeš, J.; Kameníková, E.; Přikryl, R.; Figalla, S. Sustainable and highly efficient synthesis of reactive diluents from renewable sources for property-enhancing purposes in glass-containing material composites. Precis. Chem. 2026 , 4 , 1−12..

Jašek, V.; Lavrinčíková, V.; Prokeš, J.; Bartoš, O.; Přikryl, R.; Figalla, S. Green photocurable vegetable oil biobased thermoset functionalized with vanillin methacrylate for ultraviolet-shielding coatings. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2025 , 7 , 11925−11937..

Molina-Gutiérrez, S.; Dalle Vacche, S.; Vitale, A.; Ladmiral, V.; Caillol, S.; Bongiovanni, R.; Lacroix- Desmazes, P. Photoinduced polymerization of eugenol- derived methacrylates. Molecules 2020 , 25 , 3444..

Rigo, E.; Ladmiral, V.; Caillol, S.; Lacroix-Desmazes, P. Recent advances in radical polymerization of bio-based monomers in aqueous dispersed media. RSC Sustainability 2023 , 1 , 788−813..

Zhu, A.; Shi, L.; Shi, H.; Qian, J.; Shi, Y. Role of the soft and hard segments structure in modifying the performance of acrylic adhesives modified by polyurethane macromonomers. ACS Omega 2024 , 9 , 32735−32744..

Feng, S.; Yang, H.; Qiu, Z. Novel biobased poly(hexamethylene- co -diethylene glycol furandi- carboxylate) copolyesters with improved mechanical properties and hydrolytic degradation rates. Polym. Chem. 2025 , 16 , 2133−2142..

Lu, M.; Zhu, X.; Li, X.; Yang, X.; Tu, Y. Synthesis of cyclic oligo(ethylene adipate)s and their melt polymerization to poly(ethylene adipate). Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 35 , 1051−1060..

Jing, P.; Du, J.; Miao, D.; Xiao, G.; Jiang, Y.; Xu, C. Polyurethanes based on dicyclohexylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate and N-tert -butyldiethanolamine for enhancing the dyeability of fiber toward acid dye. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2023 , 5 , 1276−1282..

Yin, F. M.; Wu, L. L.; Li, S. S.; Pan, X. N.; Zhu, X. L.; Jiang, X. B.; Kong, X. Z. Unconventional fluorescent and multi-responsive polyethyleneimine with LCST and UCST behavior: Synthesis, characterization and biological applications. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2024 , 42 , 826−837..

Li, X. D.; Li, S. S.; Jiang, X. B.; Zhu, X. L.; Kong, X. Z. Unconventional fluorescent and multi-responsive polysiloxane: Synthesis, characterization and biological applications. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2024 , 42 , 579−590..

Li, L.; Li, S.; Cui, H.; Zhu, X.; Kong, X. Z. Phase transition and fluorescence emission of multiresponsive poly(ethylene glycol- co -siloxane) and its application for uric acid detection. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2023 , 5 , 9413−9424..

Wu, Y.; Fan, L.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, X.; Chen, D.; Yang, W. Branching structured poly(v inyl chloride- co - hydroxyethyl acrylate)- g -polycaprolactone as nonmigratory polymeric plasticizers and compatibilizers in flexible PVC. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2025 , 7 , 1039−1051..

Zvonkina, I. J.; Hilt, M. Tuning the mechanical performance and adhesion of polyurethane UV cured coatings by composition of acrylic reactive diluents. Prog. Org. Coat. 2015 , 89 , 288−296..

Tian, M.; Gao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liao, Y.; Hedin, N. E.; Fong, H. Fabrication and evaluation of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental resins/composites containing nano fibrillar silicate. Dent. Mater. 2008 , 24 , 235−243..

Topa-Skwarczyńska, M.; Ortyl, J. Photopolymerization shrinkage: Strategies for reduction, measurement methods and future insights. Polym. Chem. 2023 , 14 , 2145−2158..

Saville, B.; Watson, A. A. Structural characterization of sulfur-vulcanized rubber networks. Rubber Chem. Technol. 1967 , 40 , 100−148..

Kannurpatti, A. R.; Anderson, K. J.; Anseth, J. W.; Bowman, C. N. Use of ‘‘liv ing’’ radical polymerizations to study the structural evolution and properties of highly crosslinked polymer networks. J. Polym. Sci. B 1997 , 35 , 2297−2307..

Banan, A. R.; Keshavarz, S. M. Biobased self healing waterborne polyurethane with vanillin derived dynamic imine bonds for enhanced mechanical strength and performance. Sci. Rep. 2025 , 15 , 33255..

Merah, D.; Bedjaoui, L.; Zeggai, N.; Bouberka, Z.; Sarazin, J.; Boutalbi, D.; Barrera, A.; Boughrara, H.; Dubois, F.; Cazaux, F.; Supiot, P.; Maschke, U. Enhanced thermal stability of biobased crosslinked poly (isobornylacrylate- co -2-ethylhexylacrylate) copolymers. J. Polym. Res. 2022 , 29 , 279..

Ors, J. A.; Perriere, D. M. L. Thermogravimetric profile of decomposition of acrylate systems based on bornyl acrylate monomers. Polymer 1986 , 27 , 1999−2002..

Zeggai, N.; Dali Youcef, B.; Dubois, F.; Bouchaour, T.; Supiot, P.; Bedjaoui, L.; Maschke, U. Analysis of dynamic mechanical properties of photochemically crosslinked poly(isobornylacrylate- co -isobutylacrylate) applying WLF and Havriliak-Negami models. Polym. Test. 2018 , 72 , 432−438..

Herrera, M.; Matuschek, G.; Kettrup, A. Thermal degradation of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU) based on MDI. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2002 , 78 , 323−331..

Xie, C.; Li, L. Y.; Li, S. S.; Zong, C. Y.; Jiang, X. B.; Zhu, X. L.; Feng, S. Y.; Kong, X. Z. Poly(hydroxy urethane-siloxane) pressure-sensitive adhesive: Synthesis, characterization and its usage for skin-contact sensors. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026 , 44 , 536−548..

Léger, L.; Creton, C. Adhesion mechanisms at soft polymer interfaces. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2008 , 366 , 1425−1442..

Ma, G.; Wu, J.; Yuan, H. Interfacial shear stress analysis in single-lap adhesive joints with similar and dissimilar adherends under dynamic loading. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2021 , 111 , 102953..

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Three-in-One Coupled Shape Memory, Self-healing, and Photochromic System in Dynamic Covalent Polyurethane Network for Sequential 4D Encryption

From Waste to Coatings: Acidolysis of Polyurethane Elastomers with Itaconic Acid for Polyurethane Coating

Two-way Shape Memory Effect of Polycaprolactone-based Polyurethane via Synergistic Role of Hydrogen Bonding and Crystallization Tuned by Malic Acid

Generation and Modulation of Apparent All-angle Dependent Nonreciprocal Chiroptical Response in Chiral Polyurethane Film

pH-Responsive L-Cysteine-conjugated Polydopamine Nanocarriers for Controlled Release of Emamectin Benzoate against Pieris brassicae

Related Author

Yi-Xin Ji

Ahmed Olalekan Omoniyi

Yang Zhou

Ying-Chao Zhang

Jian-Fu Zhang

Devesh Sane

Neel Godbole

Debarati Maity

Related Institution

Shandong Province Engineering Research Center for Future Industries of Key Materials in Optoelectronics, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang

Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Centre of Optical Materials and Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology

School of Opto-electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology

Zhongshan Institute of Changchun University of Science and Technology

Department of Polymer & Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga (E), Mumbai

⁰