This study investigates the mechanical performance of hybrid fiber-metal laminates (FMLs) fabricated using a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix reinforced with woven glass and carbon fibers

further enhanced with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and graphene fillers. The composites were fabricated using the vacuum bag molding process

and to optimize the mechanical behavior

different filler loadings were incorporated as graphene at (0.5

1

and 3 wt.%)

and TiO2 (0.5

1

2

and 3 wt.%). Mechanical tests revealed that the inclusion of filler particles significantly enhanced tensile

flexural

and toughness properties. The optimal graphene loading was found to be 0.5 wt.%

resulting in an 83.4% increase in Young’s modulus and a 127% improvement in tensile strength compared to PVA composites without filler. Optimal loading for TiO2 was 2% by weight

which resulted in a 102.3% increase in Young's modulus and an 81.5% increase in ultimate tensile strength. The maximum flexural properties were achieved for 0.5 wt.% graphene-loaded composites

with a flexural strength of 56.6 MPa and a flexural modulus of 19.3 GPa

while the highest toughness value of 4.2 MPa was also observed at this loading. Density analysis showed a slight increase in composite density with filler addition and minimum porosity at 0.5 wt.% graphene and 2 wt.% TiO2

consistent with improved mechanical performance. XRD and FTIR analysis confirmed successful filler incorporation

enhanced crystallinity for TiO2-filled composites

and the SEM analysis confirmed the strong interfacial interactions without altering the PVA matrix chemistry

while higher filler loadings led to property degradation due to particle agglomeration and stress concentration effects.