

FOLLOWUS
a.Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
b.School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
guoyunlong@iccas.ac.cn
Received:07 January 2026,
Revised:2026-02-14,
Accepted:10 March 2026,
Online First:24 June 2026,
Published:05 July 2026
Scan QR Code
Zhang, Y. Y.; Wang, Y. L.; Liu, Y. Q.; Guo, Y. L. Stretchable organic photoelectric conversion systems: from molecular design to device applications. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3652-3
Yue-Yue Zhang, Yi-Li Wang, Yun-Qi Liu, et al. Stretchable Organic Photoelectric Conversion Systems: From Molecular Design to Device Applications[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 442002-2033.
Zhang, Y. Y.; Wang, Y. L.; Liu, Y. Q.; Guo, Y. L. Stretchable organic photoelectric conversion systems: from molecular design to device applications. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-026-3652-3 DOI:
Yue-Yue Zhang, Yi-Li Wang, Yun-Qi Liu, et al. Stretchable Organic Photoelectric Conversion Systems: From Molecular Design to Device Applications[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 442002-2033. DOI: 10.1007/s10118-026-3652-3.
The rapid development of the Internet of Things and wearable technologies has created substantial demand for stretchable optoelectronic devices. Among these
intrinsically stretchable organic optoelectronic devices are emerging as key technologies for applications in wearable electronics
electronic skin
and health monitoring. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress in this field. We first outline two primary strategies for achieving stretchability: structural engineering (buckling and island-bridge configurations) and intrinsic material design. The review focuses on the latter
providing a comprehensive overview of the design of key components
including insulators
electrodes
and optoelectronic functional layers. Specifically
the design principles for intrinsically stretchable semiconductor active layers are elaborated with a focus on molecular engineering and composite material strategies. Furthermore
we summarize the performance optimization and applications of representative devices
such as organic photodiodes (OPDs)
organic phototransistors (OPTs)
organic photovoltaics (OPVs)
organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
and organic light-emitting electrochemical cells (OLECs). The potential of these devices for integrated systems
including human-machine interaction
neuromorphic electronics
and wearable health monitors
is also explored. Finally
the current challenges and future research directions are discussed.
Kim, D. C.; Choi, M. K.; Kim, D.-H.; Yang, J. Rise of intrinsically stretchable electroluminescent materials: toward free-form displays. npj Flex. Electron. 2025 , 9 , 50..
Takei, K.; Gao, W.; Wang, C.; Javey, A. Physical and chemical sensing with electronic skin. Proc. IEEE 2019 , 107 , 2155−2167..
Qian, Y.; Zhang, X.; Xie, L.; Qi, D.; Chandran, B. K.; Chen, X.; Huang, W. Stretchable Organic Semiconductor Devices. Adv. Mater. 2016 , 28 , 9243−9265..
Zheng, Y.; Zhang, S.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. Molecular design of stretchable polymer semiconductors: current progress and future directions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022 , 144 , 4699−4715..
Li, C.; Bian, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Liu, Y.; Guo, Y. Advances in biointegrated wearable and implantable optoelectronic devices for cardiac healthcare. Cyborg Bionic Syst. 2024 , 5 , 0172..
Lee, H.; Jiang, Z.; Yokota, T.; Fukuda, K.; Park, S.; Someya, T. Stretchable organic optoelectronic devices: design of materials, structures, and applications. Mater. Sci. Eng.: R: Rep. 2021 , 146 , 100631..
Xue, X.; Li, C.; Shangguan, Z.; Gao, C.; Chenchai, K.; Liao, J.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, D. Intrinsically stretchable and healable polymer semiconductors. Adv. Sci. 2024 , 11 , 2305800..
Ko, H. C.; Stoykovich, M. P.; Song, J.; Malyarchuk, V.; Choi, W. M.; Yu, C.-J.; Geddes Iii, J. B.; Xiao, J.; Wang, S.; Huang, Y.; Rogers, J. A. A hemispherical electronic eye camera based on compressible silicon optoelectronics. Nature 2008 , 454 , 748−753..
Lipomi, D. J.; Tee, B. C. K.; Vosgueritchian, M.; Bao, Z. Stretchable organic solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2011 , 23 , 1771−1775..
Ashizawa, M.; Zheng, Y.; Tran , H.; Bao, Z. Intrinsically stretchable conjugated polymer semiconductors in field effect transistors. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 100 , 101181..
Mun, J.; Ochiai, Y.; Wang, W.; Zheng, Y.; Zheng, Y.-Q.; Wu, H.-C.; Matsuhisa, N.; Higashihara, T.; Tok, J. B. H.; Yun, Y.; Bao, Z. A design strategy for high mobility stretchable polymer semiconductors. Nat. Commun. 2021 , 12 , 3572..
Wang, B.; Bao, S.; Vinnikova, S.; Ghanta, P.; Wang, S. Buckling analysis in stretchable electronics. npj Flex. Electron. 2017 , 1 , 5..
White, M. S.; Kaltenbrunner, M.; Głowacki, E. D.; Gutnichenko, K.; Kettlgruber, G.; Graz, I.; Aazou, S.; Ulbricht, C.; Egbe, D. A. M.; Miron, M. C.; Major, Z.; Scharber, M. C.; Sekitani, T.; Someya, T.; Bauer, S.; Sariciftci, N. S. Ultrathin, highly flexible and stretchable PLEDs. Nat. Photonics 2013 , 7 , 811−816..
Lee, I.; Park, C.; Kim, T. S.; Kang, M.; Oh, H.; Jang, J.; Park, J.; Yuk, J. M.; Lee, H.; Park, C. B.; Choi, S. Y.; Kang, K.; Lee, W.; Bae, B. S. Water-stable and photo-patternable siloxane-encapsulated upconversion nanoparticles toward flexible near-infrared phototransistors. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2023 , 11 , 2202469..
Kaltenbrunner, M.; White, M. S.; Głowacki, E. D.; Sekitani, T.; Someya, T.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Bauer, S. Ultrathin and lightweight organic solar cells with high flexibility. Nat. Commun. 2012 , 3 , 770..
Chortos, A.; Liu, J.; Bao, Z. Pursuing prosthetic electronic skin. Nat. Mater. 2016 , 15 , 937−950..
Yin, D.; Feng, J.; Ma, R.; Liu, Y. F.; Zhang, Y. L.; Zhang, X. L.; Bi, Y. G.; Chen, Q. D.; Sun, H. B. Efficient and mechanically robust stretchable organic light-emitting devices by a laser-programmable buckling process. Nat. Commun. 2016 , 7 , 11573..
Yin, D.; Jiang, N. R.; Liu, Y. F.; Zhang, X. L.; Li, A. W.; Feng, J.; Sun, H. B. Mechanically robust stretchable organic optoelectronic devices built using a simple and universal stencil-pattern transferring technology. Light Sci. Appl. 2018 , 7 , 35..
Lim, Y.; Yoon, J.; Yun, J.; Kim, D.; Hong, S. Y.; Lee, S. J.; Zi, G.; Ha, J. S. Biaxially stretchable, integrated array of high performance microsupercapacitors. ACS Nano 2014 , 8 , 1 1639−11650..
Kim, T.; Lee, H.; Jo, W.; Kim, T. S.; Yoo, S. Realizing stretchable OLEDs: a hybrid platform based on rigid island arrays on a stress-relieving bilayer structure. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2020 , 5 , 2000494..
Sekitani, T.; Noguchi, Y.; Hata, K.; Fukushima, T.; Aida, T.; Someya, T. A rubberlike stretchable active matrix using elastic conductors. Science 2008 , 321 , 1468−1472..
Dai, Y.; Hu, H.; Wang, M.; Xu, J.; Wang, S. Stretchable transistors and functional circuits for human-integrated electronics. Nat. Electron. 2021 , 4 , 17−29..
Lim, M. S.; Nam, M.; Choi, S.; Jeon, Y.; Son, Y. H.; Lee, S. M.; Choi, K. C. Two-dimensionally stretchable organic light-emitting diode with elastic pillar arrays for stress relief. Nano Lett. 2020 , 20 , 1526−1535..
Seiberlich, M.; Rainer, C.; Skarjan, L.; Ruiz-Preciado, L. A.; Perevedentsev, A.; Xia, K.; Krebsbach, P.; Schlisske, S.; Lemmer, U.; Hernandez-Sosa, G. Streamlined inkjet-printing of stretchable organic photodetectors. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2025 , 10 , 2401413..
Drack, M.; Graz, I.; Sekitani, T.; Someya, T.; Kaltenbrunner, M.; Bauer, S. An imperceptible plastic electronic wrap. Adv. Mater. 2015 , 27 , 34−40..
Cai, M.; Nie, S.; Du, Y.; Wang, C.; Song, J. Soft elastomers with programmable stiffness as strain-isolating substrates for stretchable electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019 , 11 , 14340−14346..
Wang, W.; Wang, S.; Rastak, R.; Ochiai, Y.; Niu, S.; Jiang, Y.; Arunachala, P. K.; Zheng, Y.; Xu, J.; Matsuhisa, N.; Yan, X.; Kwon, S.-K.; Miyakawa, M.; Zhang, Z.; Ning, R.; Foudeh, A. M.; Yun, Y.; Linder, C.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. Strain-insensitive intrinsically stretchable transistors and circuits. Nat. Electron. 2021 , 4 , 143−150..
Trung, T. Q.; Lee, N. E. Recent progress on stretchable electronic devices with intrinsically stretchable components. Adv. Mater. 2017 , 29 , 1603167..
Sun, J.; Tang, Q.; Liu, Y. Research progress in skin-like ultraflexible organic field-effect transistors. Sci. Sin. Chim. 2022 , 52 , 1925−1947..
Liu, K.; Wang, C.; Liu, B.; Bian, Y.; Kuang, J.; Hou, Y.; Pan, Z.; Liu, G.; Huang, X.; Zhu, Z.; Qin, M.; Zhao, Z.; Jiang, C.; Liu, Y.; Guo, Y. Low-voltage intrinsically stretchable organic transistor amplifiers for ultrasensitive electrophysiological signal detection. Adv. Mater. 2023 , 35 , 2207006..
Kim, S.; Kim, T.; Kim, D.; Ju, B. K. Layer-by-layer assembled nano-composite multilayer gas barrier film manufactured with stretchable substrate. Appl. Sci. 2021 , 11 , 5794..
Kim, C. Y.; Ku, M. J.; Qazi, R.; Nam, H. J.; Park, J. W.; Nam, K. S.; Oh, S.; Kang, I.; Jang, J. H.; Kim, W. Y.; Kim, J. H.; Jeong, J.-W. Soft subdermal implant capable of wireless battery charging and programmable controls for applications in optogenetics. Nat. Commun. 2021 , 12 , 535..
Liang, J.; Li, L.; Chen, D.; Hajagos, T.; Ren, Z.; Chou, S. Y.; Hu, W.; Pei, Q. Intrinsically stretchable and transparent thin-film transistors based on printable silver nanowires, carbon nanotubes and an elastomeric dielectric. Nat. Commun. 2015 , 6 , 7647..
Liang, J.; Tong, K.; Pei, Q. A water-based silver-nanowire screen-print ink for the fabrication of stretchable conductors and wearable thin-film transistors. Adv. Mater. 2016 , 28 , 5986−5996..
Wang, C.; Bian, Y.; Liu, K.; Qin, M.; Zhang, F.; Zhu, M.; Shi, W.; Shao, M.; Shang, S.; Hong, J.; Zhu, Z.; Zhao, Z.; Liu, Y.; Guo, Y. Strain-insensitive viscoelastic perovskite film for intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic vision-adaptive transistors. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 3123..
Kang, J.; Son, D.; Wang, G.-J. N.; Liu, Y.; Lopez, J.; Kim, Y.; Oh, J. Y.; Katsumata, T.; Mun, J.; Lee, Y.; Jin, L.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. Tough and water-insensitive self-healing elastomer for robust electronic skin. Adv. Mater. 2018 , 30 , 1706846..
Vo, N. T. P.; Nam, T. U.; Jeong, M. W.; Kim, J. S.; Jung, K. H.; Lee, Y.; Ma, G.; Gu, X.; Tok, J. B. H.; Lee, T. I.; Bao, Z.; Oh, J. Y. Autonomous self-healing supramolecular polymer transistors for skin electronics. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 3433..
Yu, Z.; Niu, X.; Liu, Z.; Pei, Q. Intrinsically stretchable polymer light-emitting devices using carbon nanotube-polymer composite electrodes. Adv. Mater. 2011 , 23 , 3989−3994..
Yuan, S.; Wang, G.; Fan, Z.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Yu, G.; Chai, Z.; Zhao, D.; Lu, X. Stretchable serpentine electrodes with high fidelity fabricated using orientation-controlled surface energy-directed assembly. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025 , 35 , 2423987..
Yang, S.; Cao, Y. J.; Han, K.; Guo, J. T.; Zheng, P. L.; Wang, L. Y.; Cheng, T.; Zhang, Y. Z.; Lai, W. Y. Stretchable transparent electrodes based on metal grid hybrids for skin-like multimodal sensing and flexible touch panel. Nano Energy 2025 , 139 , 110942..
Park, Y.; Fuentes-Hernandez, C.; Kim, K.; Chou, W. F.; Larrain, F. A.; Graham, S.; Pierron, O. N.; Kippelen, B. Skin-like low-noise elastomeric organic photodiodes. Sci. Adv. 2021 , 7 , eabj6565..
Guo, C. F.; Sun, T.; Liu, Q.; Suo, Z.; Ren, Z. Highly stretchable and transparent nanomesh electrodes made by grain boundary lithography. Nat. Commun. 2014 , 5 , 3121..
Liu, J.; Xiao, L.; Rao, Z.; Dong, B.; Yin, Z.; Huang, Y. High-performance, micrometer thick/conformal, transparen t metal-network electrodes for flexible and curved electronic devices. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2018 , 3 , 1800155..
Wu, F.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, J.; Duan, S.; Ji, D.; Yang, H. Recent advances in high-mobility and high-stretchability organic field-effect transistors: from materials, devices to applications. Small Methods 2021 , 5 , 2100676..
Kim, Y.; Zhu, J.; Yeom, B.; Di Prima, M.; Su, X.; Kim, J. G.; Yoo, S. J.; Uher, C.; Kotov, N. A. Stretchable nanoparticle conductors with self-organized conductive pathways. Nature 2013 , 500 , 59−63..
Yao, S.; Zhu, Y. Nanomaterial-enabled stretchable conductors: strategies, materials and devices. Adv. Mater. 2015 , 27 , 1480−1511..
Sun, Y.; Chang, M.; Meng, L.; Wan, X.; Gao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, K.; Sun, Z.; Li, C.; Liu, S.; Wang, H.; Liang, J.; Chen, Y. Flexible organic photovoltaics based on water-processed silver nanowire electrodes. Nat. Electron. 2019 , 2 , 513−520..
Akter, T.; Kim, W. S. Reversibly stretchable transparent conductive coatings o f spray-deposited silver nanowires. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012 , 4 , 1855−1859..
[Zhao, J.; Bu, T.; Zhang, X.; Pang, Y.; Li, W.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, G.; Wang, Z. L.; Zhang, C. Intrinsically stretchable organic-tribotronic-transistor for tactile sensing. Research 2020, 2020 ..
Lin, Y.; Fang, T.; Bai, C.; Sun, Y.; Yang, C.; Hu, G.; Guo, H.; Qiu, W.; Huang, W.; Wang, L.; Tao, Z.; Lu, Y. Q.; Kong, D. Ultrastretchable electrically self-healing conductors based on silver nanowire/liquid metal microcapsule nanocomposites. Nano Lett. 2023 , 23 , 11174−11183..
Azani, M. R.; Hassanpour, A.; Torres, T. Benefits, problems, and solutions of silver nanowire transparent conductive electrodes in indium tin oxide (ITO)-free flexible solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020 , 10 , 2002536..
Sim, H.; Bok, S.; Kim, B.; Kim, M.; Lim, G. H.; Cho, S. M.; Lim, B. Organic-stabilizer-free polyol synthesis of silver nanowires for electrode applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016 , 55 , 11814−11818..
Huang, J.; Lu, Z.; He, J.; Hu, H.; Liang, Q.; Liu, K.; Ren, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Yu, H.; Zheng, Z.; Li, G. Intrinsically stretchable, semi-transparent organic photovoltaics with high efficiency and mechanical robustness via a full-solution process. Energy Environ. Sci. 2023 , 16 , 1251−1263..
Zheng, X.; Wu, X.; Wu, Q.; Han, Y.; Ding, G.; Wang, Y.; Kong, Y.; Chen, T.; Wang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Xue, J.; Fu, W.; Luo, Q.; Ma, C.; Ma, W.; Zuo, L.; Shi, M.; Chen, H. Thorough optimization for intrinsically stretchable organic photovoltaics. Adv. Mater. 2024 , 36 , 2307280..
Zhang, H.; Shao, Y.; Xia, R.; Chen, G.; Xiang, X.; Yu, Y. Stretchable electrodes with interfacial percolation network. Adv. Mater. 2024 , 36 , 2401550..
Han, D.; Zhou, K.; Li, X.; Lv, P.; Wu, J.; Ke, H.; Zhao, W.; Ye, L. Intrinsically stretchable organic solar cells and sensors enabled by extensible composite electrodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024 , 34 , 2407392..
Zhou, H.; Han,S. J.; Harit, A. K.; Kim, D. H.; Kim, D. Y.; Choi, Y. S.; Kwon, H.; Kim, K. N.; Go, G. T.; Yun, H. J.; Hong, B. H.; Suh, M. C.; Ryu, S. Y.; Woo, H. Y.; Lee, T. W. Graphene-based intrinsically stretchable 2D-contact electr odes for highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 2203040..
Liu, N.; Chortos, A.; Lei, T.; Jin, L.; Kim, T. R.; Bae, W.-G.; Zhu, C.; Wang, S.; Pfattner, R.; Chen, X.; Sinclair, R.; Bao, Z. Ultratransparent and stretchable graphene electrodes. Sci. Adv. 2017 , 3 , e1700159..
Park, J. S.; Kim, G. U.; Lee, S.; Lee, J. W.; Li, S.; Lee, J. Y.; Kim, B. J. Material design and device fabrication strategies for stretchable organic solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 2201623..
Wang, Y.; Zhu, C.; Pfattner, R.; Yan, H.; Jin, L.; Chen, S.; Molina-Lopez, F.; Lissel, F.; Liu, J.; Rabiah, N. I.; Chen, Z.; Chung, J. W.; Linder, C.; Toney, M. F.; Murmann, B.; Bao, Z. A highly stretchable, transparent, and conductive polymer. Sci. Adv. 2017 , 3 , e1602076..
Wang, J.; Ochiai, Y.; Wu, N.; Adachi, K.; Inoue, D.; Hashizume, D.; Kong, D.; Matsuhisa, N.; Yokota, T.; Wu, Q.; Ma, W.; Sun, L.; Xiong, S.; Du, B.; Wang, W.; Shih, C.-J.; Tajima, K.; Aida, T.; Fukuda, K.; Someya, T. Intrinsically stretchable organic photovoltaics by redistributing strain to PEDOT:PSS with enhanced stretchability and interfacial adhesion. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 4902..
Jiang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, Y. X.; Li, D.; Coen, C. T.; Hwaun, E.; Chen, G.; Wu, H. C.; Zhong, D.; Niu, S.; Wang, W.; Saberi, A.; Lai, J. C.; Wu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Trotsyuk, A. A.; Loh, K. Y.; Shih, C. C.; Xu, W.; Liang, K.; Zhang, K.; Bai, Y.; Gurusankar, G.; Hu, W.; Jia, W.; Cheng, Z.; Dauskardt, R. H.; Gurtner, G. C.; Tok, J. B. H.; Deisseroth, K.; Soltesz, I.; Bao, Z. Topological supramolecular network enabled high-conductivity, stretchable organic bioelectronics. Science 2022 , 375 , 1411−1417..
Bai, Y.; Li, W.; Tie, Y.; Kou, Y.; Wang, Y.-X.; Hu, W. A stretchable polymer conductor through the mutual plasticization effect. Adv. Mater. 2023 , 35 , 2303245..
Yao, Y.; Dong, H.; Hu, W. Charge transport in organic and polymeric semiconductors for flexible and stretchable devices. Adv. Mater. 2016 , 28 , 4513−4523..
[Guo, S.; Tong, Y.; Tang, Q. Recent progress in intrinsically stretchable polymer semiconductors for stretchable electronics. Macromol. Chem. Phys. n/a , e00336.
Wei, X.; Wen, W.; Shi, W.; Liu, Y.; Sun, J.; Dai, X.; Guo, Y.; Liu, Y. Intrinsically stretchable light-emitting polymer semiconductors with high charge mobility through micro-crystalline aggregation-limited morphology. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024 , 34 , 2310558..
Zhao, Y.; Zhao, X.; Zang, Y.; Di, C.-a.; Diao, Y.; Mei, J. Conjugation-break spacers in semiconducting polymers: impact on polymer processability and charge transport properties. Macromolecules 2015 , 48 , 2048−2053..
Zhao, X.; Zhao, Y.; Ge, Q.; Butrouna, K.; Diao, Y.; Graham, K. R.; Mei, J. Complementary semiconducting polymer blends: the influence of conjugation-break spacer length in matrix polymers. Macromolecules 2016 , 49 , 2601−2608..
Mun, J.; Wang, G. J. N.; Oh, J. Y.; Katsumata, T.; Lee, F. L.; Kang, J.; Wu, H. C.; Lissel, F.; Rondeau-Gagné, S.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. Effect of nonconjugated spacers on mechanical properties of semiconducting polymers for stretchable transistors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018 , 28 , 1804222..
Galuska, L. A.; McNutt, W. W.; Qian, Z.; Zhang, S.; Weller, D. W.; Dhakal, S.; King, E. R.; Morgan, S. E.; Azoulay, J. D.; Mei, J.; Gu, X. Impact of backbone rigidity on the thermomechanical properties of semiconducting polymers with conjugation break spacers. Macromolecules 2020 , 53 , 6032−6042..
Lin, Y. C.; Matsuda, M.; Chen, C. K.; Yang, W. C.; Chueh, C. C.; Higashihara, T.; Chen, W. C. Investigation of the mobility–stretchability properties of naphthalenediimide-based conjugated random terpolymers with a functionalized conjugation break spacer. Macromolecules 2021 , 54 , 7388−7399..
Lin, Y. C.; Matsuda, M.; Sato, K. I.; Chen, C. K.; Yang, W. C.; Chueh, C. C.; Higashihara, T.; Chen, W. C. Intrinsically stretchable naphthalenediimide–bithiophene conjugated statistical terpolymers using branched conjugation break spacers for field–effect transistors. Polym. Chem. 2021 , 12 , 6167−6178..
Matsuda, M.; Lin, C. Y.; Enomoto, K.; Lin, Y. C.; Chen, W. C.; Higashihara, T. Impact of the heteroatoms on mobility–stretchability properties of n-type semiconducting polymers with conjugation break spacers. Macromolecules 2023 , 56 , 2348−2361..
Zhang, S.; Ocheje, M. U.; Huang, L.; Galuska, L.; Cao, Z.; Luo, S.; Cheng, Y.-H.; Ehlenberg, D.; Goodman, R. B.; Zhou, D.; Liu, Y.; Chiu, Y. C.; Azoulay, J. D.; Rondeau-Gagné, S.; Gu, X. The critical role of electron-donating thiophene groups on the mechanical and thermal properties of donor–acceptor semiconducting polymers. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2019 , 5 , 1800899..
Lu, C.; Lee, W. Y.; Gu, X.; Xu, J.; Chou, H. H.; Yan, H.; Chiu, Y. C.; He, M.; Matthews, J. R.; Niu, W.; Tok, J. B. H.; Toney, M. F.; Chen, W. C.; Bao, Z. Effects of molecular structure and packing order on the stretchability of semicrystalline conjugated poly(tetrathienoacene-diketopyrrolopyrrole) polymers. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2017 , 3 , 1600311..
Zheng, Y.; Wang, G. J. N.; Kang, J.; Nikolka, M.; Wu, H. C.; Tran, H.; Zhang, S.; Yan, H.; Chen, H.; Yuen, P. Y.; Mun, J.; Dauskardt, R. H.; McCulloch, I.; Tok, J. B. H.; Gu, X.; Bao, Z. An intrinsically stretchable high-performance polymer semiconductor with low crystallinity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019 , 29 , 1905340..
Liu, D.; Mun, J.; Chen, G.; Schuster, N. J.; Wang, W.; Zheng, Y.; Nikzad, S.; Lai, J.-C.; Wu, Y.; Zhong, D.; Lin, Y.; Lei, Y.; Chen, Y.; Gam, S.; Chung, J. W.; Yun, Y.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. A design strategy for intrinsically stretchable high-performance polymer semiconductors: incorporating conjugated rigid fused-rings with bulky side groups. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021 , 143 , 11679−11689..
[Yue, H.; Wang, Y.; Luo, S.; Guo, J.; Jin, J.; Li, G.; Meng, Z.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, D.; Zhen, Y.; Hu, W. In situ continuous hydrogen-bonded engineering for intrinsically stretchable and healable high-mobility polymer semiconductors. Sci. Adv . 2024, 10 , eadq0171..
Wu, H. C.; Lissel,F.; Wang, G. J. N.; Koshy, D. M.; Nikzad, S.; Yan, H.; Xu, J.; Luo, S.; Matsuhisa, N.; Cheng, Y.; Wang, F.; Ji, B.; Li, D.; Chen, W. C.; Xue, G.; Bao, Z. Metal–ligand based mechanophores enhance both mechanical robustness and electronic performance of polymer semiconductors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021 , 31 , 2009201..
Oh, J. Y.; Rondeau-Gagné, S.; Chiu, Y.-C.; Chortos, A.; Lissel, F.; Wang, G.-J. N.; Schroeder, B. C.; Kurosawa, T.; Lopez, J.; Katsumata, T.; Xu, J.; Zhu, C.; Gu, X.; Bae, W. G.; Kim, Y.; Jin, L.; Chung, J. W.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. Intrinsically stretchable and healable semiconducting polymer for organic transistors. Nature 2016 , 539 , 411−415..
Zheng, Y.; Ashizawa, M.; Zhang, S.; Kang, J.; Nikzad, S.; Yu, Z.; Ochiai, Y.; Wu, H.-C.; Tran, H.; Mun, J.; Zheng, Y. Q.; Tok, J. B. H.; Gu, X.; Bao, Z. Tuning the mechanical properties of a polymer semiconductor by modulating hydrogen bonding interactions. Chem. Mater. 2020 , 32 , 5700−5714..
Yu, X.; Chen, L.; Li, C.; Gao, C.; Xue, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, D. Intrinsically stretchable polymer semiconductors with good ductility and high charge mobility through reducing the central symmetry of the conjugated backbone units. Adv. Mater. 2023 , 35 , 2209896..
Zhu, M.; Li, Y.; Wang, C.; Shao, Z.; Shi, W.; Chen, J.; Yang, Z.; Bian, Y.; Qin, M.; Zhu, Z.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, H.; Guo, Y.; Liu, Y. Atom-knotting enables high-performance intrinsically stretchable polymer semiconductors. Chem. Mater. 2024 , 36 , 8274−8285..
Zhu, M.; Shao, Z.; Li, Y.; Xiong, Z.; Yang, Z.; Chen, J.; Shi, W.; Wang, C.; Bian, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Guo, Y.; Liu, Y. Molecular-scale geometric design: zigzag-structured intrinsically stretchable polymer semiconductors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024 , 146 , 27429−27442..
Savagatrup, S.; Makaram, A. S.; Burke, D. J.; Lipomi, D. J. Mechanical properties of conjugated polymers and polymer-fullerene composites as a function of molecular structure. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014 , 24 , 1169−1181..
Zhang, S.; Alesadi, A.; Mason, G. T.; Chen, K. L.; Freychet, G.; Galuska, L.; Cheng, Y. H.; St. Onge, P. B. J.; Ocheje, M. U.; Ma, G.; Qian, Z.; Dhakal, S.; Ahmad, Z.; Wang, C.; Chiu, Y.-C.; Rondeau-Gagné, S.; Xia, W.; Gu, X. Molecular origin of strain-induced chain alignment in PDPP-based semiconducting polymeric thin films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021 , 31 , 2100161..
Wu, H. C.; Hung, C. C.; Hong, C. W.; Sun, H. S.; Wang, J. T.; Yamashita, G.; Higashihara, T.; Chen, W. C. Isoindigo-based semiconducting polymers using carbosilane side chains for high performance stretchable field-effect transistors. Macromolecules 2016 , 49 , 8540−8548..
Chiang, Y. C.; Wu, H. C.; Wen, H. F.; Hung, C. C.; Hong, C. W.; Kuo, C. C.; Higashihara, T.; Chen, W. C. Tailoring carbosilane side chains toward intrinsically stretchable semiconducting polymers. Macromolecules 2019 , 52 , 4396−4404..
Dai, Y.; Dai, S.; Li, N.; Li, Y.; Moser, M.; Strzalka, J.; Prominski, A.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Li, S.; Hu, H.; Liu, W.; Chatterji, S.; Cheng, P.; Tian, B.; McCulloch, I.; Xu, J.; Wang, S. Stretchable redox-active semiconducting polymers for high-performance organic electrochemical transistors. Adv. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 2201178..
Sun, Y.; Luo, J.; Cai, S.; Deng, C.; Peng, Q.; Shi, Y.; Li, H.; Chen, J.; Ding, J. Side-chain engineering enabled stretchab le indacenodithiophene-based polymers for high-performance organic electrochemical transistors. Chin. J. Chem. 2025 , 43 , 3065−3074..
Wen, H. F.; Wu, H. C.; Aimi, J.; Hung, C. C.; Chiang, Y. C.; Kuo, C. C.; Chen, W. C. Soft poly(butyl acrylate) side chains toward intrinsically stretchable polymeric semiconductors for field-effect transistor applications. Macromolecules 2017 , 50 , 4982−4992..
Yao, J.; Yu, C.; Liu, Z.; Luo, H.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, D. Significant improvement of semiconducting performance of the diketopyrrolopyrrole–quaterthiophene conjugated polymer through side-chain engineering via hydrogen-bonding. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016 , 138 , 173−185..
Galuska, L. A.; Ocheje, M. U.; Chase, Z. A.; Rondeau-Gagné, S.; Gu, X. Elucidating the role of hydrogen bonds for improved mechanical properties in a high-performance semiconducting polymer. Chem. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 2259−2267..
Ocheje, M. U.; Selivanova, M.; Zhang, S.; Van Nguyen, T. H.; Charron, B. P.; Chuang, C. H.; Cheng, Y. H.; Billet, B.; Noori, S.; Chiu, Y. C.; Gu, X.; Rondeau-Gagné, S. Influence of amide-containing side chains on the mechanical properties of diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymers. Polym. Chem. 2018 , 9 , 5531−5542..
Lin, Y. C.; Chen, C. K.; Chiang, Y. C.; Hung, C. C.; Fu, M. C.; Inagaki, S.; Chueh, C. C.; Higashihara, T.; Chen, W. C. Study on intrinsic stretchability of diketopyrrolopyrrole-based π -conjugated copolymers with poly(acryl amide) side chains for organic field-effect transistors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020 , 12 , 33014−33027..
Gasperini, A.; Wang, G. J. N.; Molina-Lopez, F.; Wu, H.-C.; Lopez, J.; Xu, J.; Luo, S.; Zhou, D.; Xue, G.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. Characterization of hydrogen bonding formation and breaking in semiconducting polymers under mechanical strain. Macromolecules 2019 , 52 , 2476−2486..
Ocheje, M. U.; Charron, B. P.; Cheng, Y. H.; Chuang, C. H.; Soldera, A.; Chiu, Y. C.; Rondeau-Gagné, S. Amide-containing alkyl chains in conjugated polymers: effect on self-assembly and electronic properties. Macromolecules 2018 , 51 , 1336−1344..
Lee, M. Y.; Dharmapurikar, S.; Lee, S. J.; Cho, Y.; Yang, C.; Oh, J. H. RegularH-bonding-containing polymers with stretchability up to 100% external strain for self-healable plastic transistors. Chem. Mater. 2020 , 32 , 1914−1924..
Wang, G. J. N.; Shaw, L.; Xu, J.; Kurosawa, T.; Schroeder, B. C.; Oh, J. Y.; Benight, S. J.; Bao, Z. Inducing elasticity through oligo-siloxane crosslinks for intrinsically stretchable semiconducting polymers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016 , 26 , 7254−7262..
Liu, D.; Lei, Y.; Ji, X.; Wu, Y.; Lin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Zheng, Y.; Chen, Y.; Lai, J. C.; Zhong, D.; Cheng, H. W.; Chiong, J. A.; Gu, X.; Gam, S.; Yun, Y.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. Tuning the mechanical and electric properties of conjugated polymer semiconductors: side-chain design based on asymmetric benzodithiophene building blocks. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022 , 32 , 2203527..
Huang, Y. W.; Lin, Y. C.; Yen, H. C.; Chen, C. K.; Lee, W. Y.; Chen, W. C.; Chueh, C. C. High mobility preservation of near amorphous conjugated polymers in the stretched states enabled by biaxially-extended conjugated side-chain design. Chem. Mater. 2020 , 32 , 7370−7382..
Ding, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Wu, N.; Wang, X.; Zhang, G.; Qiu, L. Intrinsically stretchable n-type polymer semiconductors through side chain engineering. Macromolecules 2021 , 54 , 8849−8859..
Sun, H.; Guo, X.; Facchetti, A. High-performance n-type polymer semiconductors: applications, recent development, and challenges. Chem 2020 , 6 , 1310−1326..
Sekitani, T.; Nakajima, H.; Maeda, H.; Fukushima, T.; Aida, T.; Hata, K.; Someya, T. Stretchable active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display using printable elastic conductors. Nat. Mater. 2009 , 8 , 494−499..
Yan, C.; Wang, J.; Wang, X.; Kang, W.; Cui, M.; Foo, C. Y.; Lee, P. S. An intrinsically stretchable nanowire photodetector with a fully embedded structure. Adv. Mater. 2014 , 26 , 943−950..
Shin, M.; Oh, J. Y.; Byun, K.-E.; Lee, Y. J.; Kim, B.; Baik, H.-K.; Park, J.-J.; Jeong, U. Polythiophene nanofibril bundles surface-embedded in elastomer: a route to a highly stretchable active channel layer. Adv. Mater. 2015 , 27 , 1255−1261..
Xu, J.; Wang, S.; Wang, G.-J. N.; Zhu, C.; Luo, S.; Jin, L.; Gu, X.; Chen, S.; Feig, V. R.; To, J. W. F.; Rondeau-Gagné, S.; Park, J.; Schroeder, B. C.; Lu, C.; Oh, J. Y.; Wang, Y.; Kim, Y. H.; Yan, H.; Sinclair, R.; Zhou, D.; Xue, G.; Murmann, B.; Linder, C.; Cai, W.; Tok, J. B. H.; Chung, J. W.; Bao, Z. Highly stretch able polymer semiconductor films through the nanoconfinement effect. Science 2017 , 355 , 59−64..
Xu, J.; Wu, H.-C.; Zhu, C.; Ehrlich, A.; Shaw, L.; Nikolka, M.; Wang, S.; Molina-Lopez, F.; Gu, X.; Luo, S.; Zhou, D.; Kim, Y.-H.; Wang, G.-J. N.; Gu, K.; Feig, V. R.; Chen, S.; Kim, Y.; Katsumata, T.; Zheng, Y.-Q.; Yan, H.; Chung, J. W.; Lopez, J.; Murmann, B.; Bao, Z. Multi-scale ordering in highly stretchable polymer semiconducting films. Nat. Mater. 2019 , 18 , 594−601..
Peña-Alcántara, A.; Nikzad, S.; Michalek, L.; Prine, N.; Wang, Y.; Gong, H.; Ponte, E.; Schneider, S.; Wu, Y.; Root, S. E.; He, M.; Tok, J. B. H.; Gu, X.; Bao, Z. Effect of molecular weight on the morphology of a polymer semiconductor–thermoplastic elastomer blend. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2023 , 9 , 2201055..
Zheng, Y.; Yu, Z.; Zhang, S.; Kong, X.; Michaels, W.; Wang, W.; Chen, G.; Liu, D.; Lai, J. C.; Prine, N.; Zhang, W.; Nikzad, S.; Cooper, C. B.; Zhong, D.; Mun, J.; Zhang, Z.; Kang, J.; Tok, J. B. H.; McCulloch, I.; Qin, J.; Gu, X.; Bao, Z. A molecular design approach towards elastic and multifunctional polymer electronics. Nat. Commun. 2021 , 12 , 5701..
Weng, Y. C.; Kang, C. C.; Chang, T. W.; Tsai, Y. T.; K han, S.; Hung, T. M.; Shih, C. C. Design principles for enhancing both carrier mobility and stretchability in polymer semiconductors via Lewis acid doping. Adv. Mater. 2025 , 37 , 2411572..
Mun, J.; Kang, J.; Zheng, Y.; Luo, S.; Wu, H. C.; Matsuhisa, N.; Xu, J.; Wang, G.-J. N.; Yun, Y.; Xue, G.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. Conjugated carbon cyclic nanorings as additives for intrinsically stretchable semiconducting polymers. Adv. Mater. 2019 , 31 , 1903912..
Mun, J.; Kang, J.; Zheng, Y.; Luo, S.; Wu, Y.; Gong, H.; Lai, J. C.; Wu, H. C.; Xue, G.; Tok, J. B.-H.; Bao, Z. F4-TCNQ as an additive to impart stretchable semiconductors with high mobility and stability. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2020 , 6 , 2000251..
Xu, J.; Wu, H. C.; Mun, J.; Ning, R.; Wang, W.; Wang, G.-J. N.; Nikzad, S.; Yan, H.; Gu, X.; Luo, S.; Zhou, D.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. Tuning conjugated polymer chain packing for stretchable semiconductors. Adv. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 2104747..
Kang, H.; Lee, Y.; Lee, G. H.; Chung, J. W.; Kwon, Y.-N.; Kim, J.-Y.; Kuzumoto, Y.; Gam, S.; Kang, S. G.; Jung, J. Y.; Choi, A.; Yun, Y. Strain-tolerant, high-detectivity, and intrinsically stretchable all-polymer photodiodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023 , 33 , 2212219..
Qin, M.; Bian, Y.; Wang, C.; Sun, J.; Shi, W.; Liu, K.; Zheng, Y.; Zhang, F.; Liu, G.; Shao, M.; Wen, W.; Zhu, Z.; Zhu, M.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, H.; Liu, Y.; Yuan, G.; Guo, Y. Intrinsically stretchable organic photodiodes for faint near-infrared light detection and extendable cryptographic imaging. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024 , 34 , 2403770..
Mao, P.; Li, H.; Shan, X.; Davis, M.; Tang, T.; Zhang, Y.; Tong, X.; Xin, Y.; Cheng, J.; Li, L.; Yu, Z. Stretchable photodiodes with polymer-engineered semiconductor nanowires for wearable photoplethysmography. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023 , 15 , 33797−33808..
Kang, C. C.; Hung, T. M.; Lu, S. T.; Lu, T. C.; Shih, C. C. Dipole-tailored isomeric linker enables decoupling of aggregation and crystallinity in conjugated polymers for stretchable transistors and photodiodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025 , 147 , 29282−29291..
Liu, K.; Bian, Y.; Kuang, J.; Huang, X.; Li, Y.; Shi, W.; Zhu, Z.; Liu, G.; Qin, M.; Zhao, Z.; Li, X.; Guo, Y.; Liu, Y. Ultrahigh-performance optoelectronic skin based on intrinsically stretchable perovskite-polymer heterojunction transistors. Adv. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 2107304..
Song, J.-K.; Kim, J.; Yoon, J.; Koo, J. H.; Jung, H.; Kang, K.; Sunwoo, S. H.; Yoo, S.; Chang, H.; Jo, J.; Baek, W.; Lee, S.; Lee, M.; Kim, H. J.; Shin, M.; Yoo, Y. J.; Song, Y. M.; Hyeon, T.; Kim, D. H.; Son, D. Stretchable colour-sensitive quantum dot nanocomposites for shape-tunable multiplexed phototransistor arrays. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2022 , 17 , 849−856..
Nam, T. U.; Jeong, J. H.; Vo, N. T. P.; Jeong, M. W.; Ma, J. H.; Park, M. H.; Park, J.; Kang, S. J.; Oh, J. Y. Intrinsically stretchable phototransistors with polymer-QD-polymermulti-layered hybrid films for visible-NIR perspective electronic skin sensors. Chem. Eng. J. 2024 , 492 , 152143..
Bian, Y.; Liu, K.; Ran, Y.; Li, Y.; Gao, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Shao, M.; Liu, Y.; Kuang, J.; Zhu, Z.; Qin, M.; Pan, Z.; Zhu, M.; Wang, C.; Chen, H.; Li, J.; Li, X.; Liu, Y.; Guo, Y. Spatially nanoconfined N-type polymer semiconductors for stretchable ultrasensitive X-ray detection. Nat. Commun. 2022 , 13 , 7163..
Bian, Y.; Zhu, M.; Wang, C.; Liu, K.; Shi, W.; Zhu, Z.; Qin, M.; Zhang, F.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, H.; Liu, Y.; Guo, Y. A detachable interface for stable low-voltage stretchable transistor arrays and high-resolution X-ray imaging. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 2624..
Pei, L.; Han, D.; Wang, Y.; Gao, M.; Wu, J.; Sun, C.; Yu, M.; Wang, Y. X.; Ke, H.; Li, X.; Ye, L. Advancing intrinsically stretchable organic photovoltaics with a nearly amorphous polymer semiconductor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025 , 35 , 2425892..
Lee, J. W.; Seo, S.; Lee, S. W.; Kim, G. U.; Han, S.; Phan, T. N. L.; Lee, S.; Li, S.; Kim,T. S.; Lee, J. Y.; Kim, B. J. Intrinsically stretchable, highly efficient organic solar cells enabled by polymer donors featuring hydrogen-bonding spacers. Adv. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 2207544..
Luo, X.; Liu, X.; Lin, Y.; Li, M.; Yang, Z.; Xiong, Z.; Wang, Y.; Peng, F.; Zhong, W.; Li, N.; Ying, L. Modular design of polymer donors regulates solution aggregation and stretchability of organic solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202514985..
[Zhang, D.; Wang, Z.; Liu, J.; He, J.; Zhou, R.; Wang, Z.; Li, R.; Yang, L.; Gao, X.; Liu, Z.; Shao, M. “Twisted” terpolymer donor enabling high-performance intrinsically stretchable organic solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2025, 64 , e202509160..
Wang, Z.; Zhang, D.; Yang, L.; Allam, O.; Gao, Y.; Su, Y.; Xu, M.; Mo, S.; Wu, Q.; Wang, Z.; Liu, J.; He, J.; Li, R.; Jia, X.; Li, Z.; Yang, L.; Weber, M. D.; Yu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Marks, T. J.; Stingelin, N.; Kacher, J.; Jang, S. S.; Facchetti, A.; Shao, M. Mechanically robust and stretchable organic solar cells plasticized by small-molecule acceptors. Science 2025 , 387 , 381−387..
Lee, J. W.; Sun, C.; Lee, S. W.; Kim, G. U.; Li, S.; Wang, C.; Kim, T. S.; Kim, Y. H.; Kim, B. J. Sequentially regular polymer acceptors featuring flexible spacers for high-performance and mechanically robust all-polymer solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2022 , 15 , 4672−4685..
Ding, Y.; Xiong, S.; Memon, W. A.; Zhang, D.; Wang, Z.; Li, M.; Deng, Z.; Li, H.; Shao, M.; He, F. High-performance intrinsically-stretchable organic solar cells enabled by electron acceptors with flexible linkers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202421430..
Hu, H.; Ye, L.; Ghasemi, M.; Balar, N.; Rech, J. J.; Stuard, S. J.; You, W.; O'Connor, B. T.; Ade, H. Highly efficient, stable, and ductile ternary nonfullerene organic solar cells from a two-donor polymer blend. Adv. Mater. 2019 , 31 , 1808279..
Lee, J.-W.; Kim, G.-U.; Kim, D. J.; Jeon, Y.; Li, S.; Kim, T.-S.; Lee, J. Y.; Kim, B. J. Intrinsically-stretchable, efficient organic solar cells achieved by high-molecular-weight, electro-active polymer acceptor additives. Adv. Energy Mater. 2022 , 12 , 2200887..
Peng, Z.; Xian, K.; Cui, Y.; Qi, Q.; Liu, J.; Xu, Y.; Chai, Y.; Yang, C.; Hou, J.; Geng, Y.; Ye, L. Thermoplastic elastomer tunes phase structure and promotes stretchability of high-efficiency organic solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2021 , 33 , 2106732..
[Sun, M.; Wang, C.; Xiao, M.; Sun, F.; Wang, H.; Xu, Y.; Fu, Z.; Zhang, W.; Xia, X.; Yin, H.; Zhang, M.; Ye, L.; Du, X.; Hao, X. T. Control of effective elastomer density enables mechanically robust and high-efficiency intrinsically stretchable organic solar cells. Adv. Mater . 2025, n/a , e14031..
Li, S.; Wang, Y.; Sun, C.; Feng, J.; Zuo, J.; Sun, B.; Han, D.; Gao, M.; Li, X.; Xiao, B.; Zhao, W.; Kuvondikov, V.; Nematov, S.; Jia, T.; Zhang, G.; Ye, L. A general elastomeric agent to addressing embrittlement in high-efficiency organic solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2026 , 38 , e16229..
Lee, S.; Oh, S.; Han, S.; Lee, D.; Lee, J.; Kim, Y.; Jeong, H.-Y.; Lee, J. W.; Lee, M. H.; Ying, W. B.; Jeong, S.; Lee, S.; Kim, J.; Kim, Y. H.; Kim, B. J.; Jeon, E. C.; Kim, T. S.; Cho, S.; Lee, J. Y. Advancing high-efficiency, stretchable organic solar cells: novel liquid metal electrode architecture. Energy Environ. Sci. 2024 , 17 , 8915−8925..
Qin, J.; Lan, L.; Chen, S.; Huang, F.; Shi, H.; Chen, W.; Xia, H.; Sun, K.; Yang, C. Recent progress in flexible and stretchable organic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020 , 30 , 2002529..
Lee, S.; Jeon, Y.; Lee, S. Y.; Ma, B. S.; Song, M.; Jeong, D.; Jo, J.; Kim, G. U.; Lee, J.; Kim, T. S.; Kim, B. J.; Lee, J. Y. Intrinsically stretchable organic solar cells without cracks under 40% strain. Adv. Energy Mater. 2023 , 13 , 2300533..
Kim, J.-H.; Park, J.-W. Intrinsically stretchable organic light-emitting diodes. Sci. Adv. 2021 , 7 , eabd9715..
Zhang, Z.; Wang, W.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, Y.-X.; Wu, Y.; Lai, J. C.; Niu, S.; Xu, C.; Shih, C. C.; Wang, C.; Yan, H.; Galuska, L.; Prine, N.; Wu, H. C.; Zhong, D.; Chen, G.; Matsuhisa, N.; Zheng, Y.; Yu, Z.; Wang, Y.; Dauskardt, R.; Gu, X.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. High-bri ghtness all-polymer stretchable LED with charge-trapping dilution. Nature 2022 , 603 , 624−630..
[Shi, W.; Hua, C.; Cao, Y.; Liu, W.; Liu, Y.; Sun, J.; Guo, A.; Qin, M.; Wang, C.; Bian, Y.; Wen, W.; Liu, Y.; Wang, F.; Ma, C.; Wang, J.; Liu, K.; Hua, J.; Li, J.; Zhao, Z.; Guo, Y.; Liu, Y. Submicron structure confined polymers for high-performance intrinsically stretchable light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater . 2025, n/a , e19650..
Zhou, H.; Kim, H.-W.; Han, S. J.; Zhang, D.; Jeong, W. J.; Yu, H.; Tsuchiya, Y.; Hu, B.; Huh, J.; Zhang, T.; Cho, S.; Kim, J. S.; Kim, D.-H.; Yun, H. J.; Park, J.; Jang, K. Y.; Yoon, E.; Harit, A. K.; Sung, M. J.; Ahn, Y.; Chen, H.; Zeng, Q.; Park, C. Y.;Kim, K. N.; Ayuningtias, L.; Yang, H.; Kim, J. C.; Kim, Y.-H.; Woo, H. Y.; Adachi, C.; Gogotsi, Y.; Lee, T. W. Exciplex-enabled high-efficiency, fully stretchable OLEDs. Nature 2026 , 649 , 604−611..
Li, X. C.; Yao, L.; Song, W.; Liu, F.; Wang, Q.; Chen, J.; Xue, Q.; Lai, W. Y. Intrinsically stretchable electroluminescent elastomers with self-confinement effect for highly efficient non-blended stretchable OLEDs. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023 , 62 , e202213749..
Li, H.; Yu, M.; Gu, J.; Bao, Q.; Wang, Y.; Li, Y.; Ma, Y.; Bai, L.; Zhuo, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y.; Luo, M.; Liu, Y.; Li, C.; Lin, J.; Zhang, X.; Feng, Q.; Xie, L. Intrinsically flexible and aging resistant fluorene-based rod-coil copolymer for bendable deep-blue PLEDs. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023 , 33 , 2303947..
Zhuo, Z.; Ni, M.; An, X.; Bai, L.; Liang, X.; Yang, J.; Zheng, Y.; Liu, B.; Sun, N.; Sun, L.; Wei, C.; Yu, N.; Chen, W.; Li, M.; Xu, M.; Lin, J.; Huang, W. Intrinsically stretchable and efficient fully π -conjugated polymer via internal plasticization for flexible deep-blue polymer light-emitting diodes with CIEy = 0.08. Adv. Mater. 2023 , 35 , 2303923..
Ni, M.; Zhuo, Z.; Liu, B.; Han, X.; Yang, J.; Sun, L.; Yang, Y.; Cai, J.; An, X.; Bai, L.; Xu, M.; Lin, J.; Feng, Q.; Xie, G.; Wu, Y.; Huang, W. Intrinsically stretchable fully π -conjugated polymers with inter-aggregate capillary interaction for deep-blue flexible inkjet-printed light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 2025 , 16 , 330..
Zhuo, Z.; Ni, M.; Yu, N.; Zheng, Y.; Lin, Y.; Yang, J.; Sun, L.; Wang, L.; Bai, L.; Chen, W.; Xu, M.; Huo, F.; Lin, J.; Feng, Q.; Huang, W. Intrinsically stretchable fully π -conjugated polymer film via fluid conjugated molecular external-plasticizing for flexible light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 7990..
Ma, J.; Xu, M.; Zhuo, Z.; Wang, K.; Li, Q.; Li, H.; Feng, Q.; Chen, W.; Yu, N.; Li, M.; Xie, L.; Lin, J. Plasticizer design principle of “like dissolves like”: semiconductor fluid plasticized stretchable fully π -conjugated polymers films for uniform large-area and flexible deep-blue polymer light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 2024 , 36 , 2411449..
Jeong, M. W.; Ma, J. H.; Shin, J. S.; Kim, J. S.; Ma, G.; Nam, T. U.; Gu, X.; Kang, S. J.; Oh, J. Y. Intrinsically stretchable three primary light-emitting films enabled by elastomer blend for polymer light-emitting diodes. Sci. Adv. 2023 , 9 , eadh1504..
Liu, Y.; Zhu, M.; Sun, J.; Shi, W.; Zhao, Z.; Wei, X.; Huang, X.; Guo, Y.; Liu, Y. A Self-assembled 3D penetrating nanonetwork for high-performance intrinsically stretchable polymer light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 2201844..
Liu, W.; Zhang, C.; Alessandri, R.; Diroll, B. T.; Li, Y.; Liang, H.; Fan, X.; Wang, K.; Cho, H.; Liu, Y.; Dai, Y.; Su, Q.; Li, N.; Li, S.; Wai, S.; Li, Q.; Shao, S.; Wang, L.; Xu, J.; Zhang, X.; Talapin, D. V.; de Pablo, J. J.; Wang, S. High-efficiency stretchable light-emitting polymers from thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Nat. Mater. 2023 , 22 , 737−745..
Liang, J.; Li, L.; Niu, X.; Yu, Z.; Pei, Q. Elastomeric polymer light-emitting devices and displays. Nat. Photon. 2013 , 7 , 817−824..
Filiatrault, H. L.; Porteous, G. C.; Carmichael, R. S.; Davidson, G. J. E.; Carmichael, T. B. Stretchable light-emitting electrochemical cells using an elastomeric emissive material. Adv. Mater. 2012 , 24 , 2673−2678..
Liu, J.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Molina-Lopez, F.; Wang, G. J. N.; Schroeder, B. C.; Yan, X.; Zeng, Y.; Zhao, O.; Tran, H.; Lei, T.; Lu, Y.; Wang, Y.-X.; Tok, J. B. H.; Dauskardt, R.; Chung, J. W.; Yun, Y.; Bao, Z. Fully stretchable active-matrix organic light-emitting electrochemical cell array. Nat. Commun. 2020 , 11 , 3362..
Zhong, D.; Wu, C.; Jiang, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Kim, M. G.; Nishio, Y.; Shih, C. C.; Wang, W.; Lai, J. C.; Ji, X.; Gao, T. Z.; Wang, Y.-X.; Xu, C.; Zheng, Y.; Yu, Z.; Gong, H.; Matsuhisa, N.; Zhao, C.; Lei, Y.; Liu, D.; Zhang, S.; Ochiai, Y.; Liu, S.; Wei, S.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. High-speed and large-scale intrinsically stretchable integrated circuits. Nature 2024 , 627 , 313−320..
Jang, J.; Choo, H.; Lee, S.; Song, J.; Park, K.; Yoon, J.; Seong, D.; An, S.; Jung, H.; Ju, J.; Kang, J.; Kang, J.; Kim, I. S.; Shin, M.; Park, J. H.; Son, D. Reconfigurable assembly of self-healing stretchable transistors and circuits for integrated systems. Nat. Electron. 2025 , 8 , 474−484..
Lee, Y.; Oh, J. Y.; Xu, W.; Kim, O.; Kim, T. R.; Kang, J.; Kim, Y.; Son, D.; Tok, J. B. H.; Park, M. J.; Bao, Z.; Lee, T. W. Stretchable organic optoelectronic sensorimotor synapse. Sci. Adv. 2018 , 4 , eaat7387..
Wang, W.; Jiang, Y.; Zhong, D.; Zhang, Z.; Choudhury, S.; Lai, J. C.; Gong, H.; Niu, S.; Yan, X.; Zheng, Y.; Shih, C. C.; Ning, R.; Lin, Q.; Li, D.; Kim, Y. H.; Kim, J.; Wang, Y. X.; Zhao, C.; Xu, C.; Ji, X.; Nishio, Y.; Lyu, H.; Tok, J. B. H.; Bao, Z. Neuromorphic sensorimotor loop embodied by monolithically integrated, low-voltage, soft e-skin. Science 2023 , 380 , 735−742..
Bian, Y.; Liu, Y.; Guo, Y. Intrinsically stretchable organic optoelectronic devices and arrays: progress and perspective. Sci. Bull. 2023 , 68 , 975−980..
Shim, H.; Sim, K.; Ershad, F.; Yang, P.; Thukral, A. ; Rao, Z.; Kim, H. J.; Liu, Y.; Wang, X.; Gu, G.; Gao, L.; Wang, X.; Chai, Y.; Yu, C. Stretchable elastic synaptic transistors for neurologically integrated soft engineering systems. Sci. Adv. 2019 , 5 , eaax4961..
Lan, L.; Huang, B.; Li, Y.; Wang, C.; Pan, J.; Huang, J.; Chen, B.; zhou, Q.; Qiu, L.; Ding, Y.; Wan, Q.; Ji, Z.; Li, Y.; Peng, J.; Cao, Y. Stretchable optoelectronic synapses with ultraviolet to near-infrared perception for retina-inspired computing and vision-adaptive sensing. npj Flex. Electron. 2025 , 9 , 16..
Yokota, T.; Zalar, P.; Kaltenbrunner, M.; Jinno, H.; Matsuhisa, N.; Kitanosako, H.; Tachibana, Y.; Yukita, W.; Koizumi, M.; Someya, T. Ultraflexible organic photonic skin. Sci. Adv. 2016 , 2 , e1501856..
Lee, Y.; Chung, J. W.; Lee, G. H.; Kang, H.; Kim, J. Y.; Bae, C.; Yoo, H.; Jeong, S.; Cho, H.; Kang, S. G.; Jung, J. Y.; Lee, D. W.; Gam, S.; Hahm, S. G.; Kuzumoto, Y.; Kim, S. J.; Bao, Z.; Hong, Y.; Yun, Y.; Kim, S. Standalone real-time health monitoring patch based on a stretchable organic optoelectronic system. Sci. Adv. 2021 , 7 , eabg9180..
Park, S.; Heo, S. W.; Lee, W.; Inoue, D.; Jiang, Z.; Yu, K.; Jinno, H.; Hashizume, D.; Sekino, M.; Yokota, T.; Fu kuda, K.; Tajima, K.; Someya, T. Self-powered ultra-flexible electronics via nano-grating-patterned organic photovoltaics. Nature 2018 , 561 , 516−521..
Jinno, H.; Yokota, T.; Koizumi, M.; Yukita, W.; Saito, M.; Osaka, I.; Fukuda, K.; Someya, T. Self-powered ultraflexible photonic skin for continuous bio-signal detection via air-operation-stable polymer light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 2021 , 12 , 2234..
[Sun, C.; Li, S.; Feng, J.; Zhao, W.; Chen, Y.; Gao, M.; Kuvondikov, V.; Nematov, S.; Ye, L. Elasticization enables strain-tolerant microstructure and enhanced performance in stretchable polymer solar cells. Adv. Mater. n/a , e20990.
Peng, Z.; Xian, K.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, X.; Zhao, W.; Deng, Y.; Li, X.; Yang, C.; Bian, F.; Geng, Y.; Ye, L. Unraveling the stretch-induced microstructural evolution and morphology–stretchability relationships of high-performance ternary organic photovoltaic blends. Adv. Mater. 2023 , 35 , 2207884..
Peng, Z.; Li, S.; Zhou, K.; Zhang, Y.; Li, M.; Li, X.; Yang, C.; Bian, F.; Geng, Y.; Ye, L. Unveiling the strain-induced microstructural evolution and morphology-stretchability correlations of int rinsically stretchable organic photovoltaic films. Adv. Energy Mater. 2024 , 14 , 2304286..
Shen, Q.; Jiang, M.; Wang, R.; Song, K.; Vong, M. H.; Jung, W.; Krisnadi, F.; Kan, R.; Zheng, F.; Fu, B.; Tao, P.; Song, C.; Weng, G.; Peng, B.; Wang, J.; Shang, W.; Dickey, M. D.; Deng, T. Liquid metal-based soft, hermetic, and wireless-communicable seals for stretchable systems. Science 2023 , 379 , 488−493..
Zheng, Y.; Michalek, L.; Liu, Q.; Wu, Y.; Kim, H.; Sayavong, P.; Yu, W.; Zhong, D.; Zhao, C.; Yu, Z.; Chiong, J. A.; Gong, H.; Ji, X.; Liu, D.; Zhang, S.; Prine, N.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, W.; Tok, J. B. H.; Gu, X.; Cui, Y.; Kang, J.; Bao, Z. Environmentally stable and stretchable polymer electronics enabled by surface-tethered nanostructured molecular-level protection. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2023 , 18 , 1175−1184..
Mackanic, D. G.; Kao, M.; Bao, Z. Enabling deformable and stretchable batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020 , 10 , 2001424..
Liu, K.; Wang, J.; Pan, X.; Tian, S.-Y.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Di, Y.; Chen, J.; Wu, C.; Deng, X. Y.; Wang, D.; Li, P.; Pan, C. K.; Qi, F.; Liu, J.; Hua, J.; Pei, J.; Di, C. A.; Guo, Y.; Liu, Y.; Lei, T. n-Type thermoelectric elastomers. Nature 2025 , 644 , 920−926..
Bauer, S.; Kaltenbrunner, M. Semiconductors that stretch and heal. Nature 2016 , 539 , 365−367..
Wang, C.; Liu, Y.; Guo, Y. Research progress of intrinsically flexible/stretchable organic photoelectric materials and devices. Sci. Sin. Chim. 2025 , 55 , 1444−1470..
Gao, W. C.; Qiao, J.; Hu, J.; Guan, Y. S.; Li, Q. Recent advances in intrinsically stretchable electronic materials and devices. Responsive Mater. 2024 , 2 , e20230022..
0
Views
0
Downloads
0
CSCD
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010802046900号