Toward High-crystalline Covalent Organic Framework <italic style="font-style: italic">via</italic> Dynamic Condensation of Carbon-Carbon Double Bond

Zi-Xing Zhang; Bai Xue; Jian-Neng Li; Kui Yang; Fan Zhang

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3617-6

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Toward High-crystalline Covalent Organic Framework via Dynamic Condensation of Carbon-Carbon Double Bond

REVIEW | Updated：2026-04-30

- Toward High-crystalline Covalent Organic Framework via Dynamic Condensation of Carbon-Carbon Double Bond
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 44, Issue 5, Pages: 1330-1354(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  a.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  b.Yunnan Advanced Elastomer Industry Innovation Research Institute Co., Ltd., Kunming 655224, China
- Author bio：
  
  bxue79@sjtu.edu.cn (B.X.)
  fan-zhang@sjtu.edu.cn (F.Z.)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3617-6
  CLC：
- Received：19 January 2026，
  
  Accepted：07 February 2026，
  
  Online First：17 April 2026，
  
  Published：05 May 2026
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Zhang, Z. X.; Xue, B.; Li, J. N.; Yang, K.; Zhang, F. Toward high-crystalline covalent organic framework via dynamic condensation of carbon-carbon double bond. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1330–1354

Zi-Xing Zhang, Bai Xue, Jian-Neng Li, et al. Toward High-crystalline Covalent Organic Framework via Dynamic Condensation of Carbon-Carbon Double Bond[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(5): 1330-1354. DOI: 10.1007/s10118-026-3617-6.
Zhang, Z. X.; Xue, B.; Li, J. N.; Yang, K.; Zhang, F. Toward high-crystalline covalent organic framework via dynamic condensation of carbon-carbon double bond. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1330–1354 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3617-6.

Zi-Xing Zhang, Bai Xue, Jian-Neng Li, et al. Toward High-crystalline Covalent Organic Framework via Dynamic Condensation of Carbon-Carbon Double Bond[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(5): 1330-1354. DOI: 10.1007/s10118-026-3617-6. DOI：

摘要

This review outlines recent advances in the Knoevenagel/aldol condensation approach to build up high-crystalline two-dimensional dynamic vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks promoted by monomer design and reaction condition optimization.

Abstract

Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) is a type of reversible chemical reactions under the control of thermodynamics. The reversibility of DCC allows the exchange of reaction components to form thermodynamically stable products. This kind of reaction has been widely incorporated in various research directions

holding an important significance in guiding emerging fields

such as two-dimensional macrocycles

two-dimensional materials and three-dimensional molecular cages. Of them

covalent organic frameworks (COFs)

as a class of high crystalline porous conjugated polymers linked by dynamic covalent bonds exhibit

huge potential application in various fields

such as gas separation

catalysis

sensing

biomedicines

and electronic devices due to their long-range ordered structures

regular pore distribution

high specific surface areas

and excellent molecular material designability. Vinylene-linked COFs feature high chemical stability and outstanding

-electron delocalization

extremely desired for the development of high-performance semiconducting catalysts and device. However

given that the formation reaction of carbon-carbon double bond only exhibited much poorer reversibility than those of the traditional dynamic covalent bonds

it still a big challenge to well-control the preparation of high-quality vinylene-linked COFs. In this review article

we intend to summarize the synthetic strategy approach to 2D vinylene-linked COFs on the basis of the rational design of the key monomers and the optimized reaction conditions for efficiently promoting Knoevenagel/aldol condensation. Then

we exemplified several applications arising from the unique characters of such kinds of COFs. Eventually

the challenges and opportunities of vinylene-linked COFs were also foreseen.

关键词

Keywords

references

Côté, A. P.; Benin, A. I.; Ockwig, N. W.; O'Keeffe, M.; Matzger, A. J.; Yaghi, O. M. Porous, crystalline, co valent organic frameworks. Science 2005 , 310 , 1166−1170..

Lehn, J. M.; Eliseev, A. V. Chemistry - dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Science 2001 , 291 , 2331−2332..

Corbett, P. T.; Leclaire, J.; Vial, L.; West, K. R.; Wietor, J. L.; Sanders, J. K. M.; Otto, S. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Chem. Rev. 2006 , 106 , 3652−3711..

Aida, T.; Meijer, E. W.; Stupp, S. I. Functional supramolecular polymers. Science 2012 , 335 , 813−817..

Jin, Y. H.; Yu, C.; Denman, R. J.; Zhang, W. Recent advances in dynamic covalent chemistry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013 , 42 , 6634−6654..

Nishiyabu, R.; Kubo, Y.; James, T. D.; Fossey, J. S. Boronic acid building blocks: tools for self assembly. Chem. Commun. 2011 , 47 , 1124−1150..

Belowich, M. E.; Stoddart, J. F. Dynamic imine chemistry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012 , 41 , 2003−2024..

Acharjya, A.; Longworth-Dunbar, L.; Roeser, J.; Pachfule, P.; Thomas, A. Synthesis of vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks from acetonitrile: Combining cyclotrimerization and aldol condensation in one pot. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020 , 142 , 14033−14038..

Bi, S.; Yang, C.; Zhang, W. B.; Xu, J. S.; Liu, L. M.; Wu, D. Q.; Wang, X. C.; Han, Y.; Liang, Q. F.; Zhang, F. Two-dimensional semiconducting covalent organic frameworks via condensation at arylmethyl carbon atoms. Nat. Commun. 2019 , 10 , 2467..

Gu, R. R.; Flidrova, K.; Lehn, J. M. Dynamic covalent metathesis in the C=C/C=N exchange between Knoevenagel compounds and imines. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018 , 140 , 5560−5568..

Haase, F.; Lotsch, B. V. Solving the COF trilemma: towards crystalline, stable and functional covalent organic frameworks. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020 , 49 , 8469−8500..

Zheng, N.; Xu, Y.; Zhao, Q.; Xie, T. Dynamic covalent polymer networks: a molecular platform for designing functions beyond chemical rec ycling and self-healing. Chem. Rev. 2021 , 121 , 1716−1745..

[Li, X. L. sp 2 carbon-conjugated covalent organic frameworks: synthesis, properties, and applications. Mater. Chem. Front . 2021 , 5 , 2931–2949..

Evans, A. M.; Strauss, M. J.; Corcos, A. R.; Hirani, Z.; Ji, W.; Hamachi, L. S.; Aguilar-Enriquez, X.; Chavez, A. D.; Smith, B. J.; Dichtel, W. R. Two-dimensional polymers and polymerizations. Chem. Rev. 2022 , 122 , 442−564..

Bi, S.; Thiruvengadam, P.; Wei, S. C.; Zhang, W. B.; Zhang, F.; Gao, L. S.; Xu, J. S.; Wu, D. Q.; Chen, J. S.; Zhang, F. Vinylene-bridged two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks via Knoevenagel condensation of tricyanomesitylene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020 , 142 , 11893−11900..

Hackney, H. E.; Perepichka, D. F. Dynamic Knoevenagel condensation of p -tolyl carbenium cations. Org. Lett. 2024 , 26 , 5125−5129..

König, N. F.; Mutruc, D.; Hecht,S. Accelerated discovery of α-cyanodiaryleth ene photoswitches. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021 , 143 , 9162−9168..

Xu, S. Q.; Liao, Z. Q.; Dianat, A.; Park, S. W.; Addicoat, M. A.; Fu, Y. B.; Pastoetter, D. L.; Fabozzi, F. G.; Liu, Y. N.; Cuniberti, G.; Richter, M.; Hecht, S.; Feng, X. L. Combination of Knoevenagel polycondensation and water-assisted dynamic Michael-addition-elimination for the synthesis of vinylene-linked 2D covalent organic frameworks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022 , 61 , e202202492..

Irie, T.; Das, S.; Fang, Q. R.; Negishi, Y. The importance and discovery of highly connected covalent organic framework net topologies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025 , 147 , 1367−1380..

[Tan, K. T.; Ghosh, S.; Wang, Z. Y.; Wen, F. X.; Rodríguez-San-Miguel, D.; Feng, J.; Huang, N.; Wang, W.; Zamora, F.; Feng, X. L.; Thomas, A.; Jiang, D. L. Covalent organic frameworks. Nat. Rev. Method. Prime. 2023 , 3 , 1..

Xu, S. Q.; Richter, M.; Feng, X. L. Vnylene-linked two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks: Synthesis and functions. Acc. Mater. Res. 2021 , 2 , 252−265..

Zhuang, X. D.; Zhao, W. X.; Zhang, F.; Cao, Y.; Liu, F.; Bia, S.; Feng, X. L. A two-dimensional conjugated polymer framework with fully sp 2 -bonded carbon skeleton. Polym. Chem-UK. 2016 , 7 , 4176−4181..

Cope, A. C. Condensation reactions. I. The condensation of ketones with cyanoacetic esters and the mechanism of the Knoevenagel reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1937 , 59 , 2327−2330..

Xu, S.; Sun, H.; Addicoat, M.; Biswal, B. P.; He, F.; Park, S.; Paasch, S.; Zhang, T.; Sheng, W.; Brunner, E.; Hou, Y.; Richter, M.; Feng,X. L. Thiophene-bridged donor-acceptor sp 2 -carbon-linked 2D conjugated polymers as photocathodes for water reduction. Adv. Mater. 2021 , 33 , e2006274..

Yuan, C.; Fu, S. G.; Yang, K. W.; Hou, B.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, J. W.; Cui, Y. Crystalline C-C and C=C bond-linked chiral covalent organic frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021 , 143 , 369−381..

Wang, Y. C.; Hao, W. B.; Liu, H.; Chen, R. Z.; Pan, Q. Y.; Li, Z. B.; Zhao, Y. J. Facile construction of fully sp 2 -carbon conjugated two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks containing benzobisthiazole units. Nat. Commun. 2022 , 13 , 100..

Cheng, J.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, W.; Wang, L.; Wu, X.; Xu, H. Unlocking topological effects in covalent organic frameworks for high-performance photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide. Adv. Mater. 2025 , 37 , e2410247..

Attias, A.; Cavalli, C.; Donnio, B.; Guillon, D.; Hapiot, P.; Malthête, J. Columnar mesophase from a new disclike mesogen based on a 3,5-dicyano-2,4,6-tristyrylpyridine core. Chem. Mater. 2002 , 14 , 375−384..

Wang, H. L.; Li, Z.; Shao, P.; Liang, Y.; Wang, H.; Qin, J. G.; Gong, Q. H. Synthesis and properties of new two-photon absorption chromophores containing 3,5-dicyano-2,4,6-tristyrylpyridine as the core. New. J. Chem. 2005 , 29 , 792−797..

Xu, J. S.; He, Y. F.; Bi, S.; Wang, M.; Yang, P.; Wu, D. Q.; Wang, J. J.; Zhang, F. An olefin-linked covalent organic framework as a flexible thin-film electrode for a high-performance micro-supercapacitor. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019 , 58 , 12065−12069..

Xu, J. S.; Yang, C.; Bi, S.; Wang, W. Y.; He, Y. F.; Wu, D. Q.; Liang, Q. F.; Wang, X. C.; Zhang, F. Vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with symmetry-tuned polarity and photocatalytic activity. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020 , 59 , 23845−23853..

Jin, E.; Fu, S.; Hanayama, H.; Addicoat, M. A.; Wei, W.; Chen, Q.; Graf, R.; Landfester, K.; Bonn, M.; Zhang, K. A. I.; Wang, H. I.; Mullen, K.; Narita, A. A nanographene-based two-dimensional covalent organic framework as a stable and efficient photocatalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2022 , 61 , e202114059..

Zhang, M.; Huang, P.; Liao, J. P.; Yang, M. Y.; Zhang, S. B.; Liu, Y. F.; Lu, M.; Li, S. L.; Cai, Y. P.; Lan, Y. Q. Relative local electron density tuning in metal-covalent organic frameworks for boosting CO 2 photoreduction. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2023 , 62 , e202311999..

Bi, S.; Lan, Z. A.; Paasch, S.; Zhang, W. B.; He, Y. F.; Zhang, C.; Liu, F.; Wu, D. Q.; Zhuang, X. D.; Brunner, E.; Wang, X. C.; Zhang, F. Substantial cyano-substituted fully sp 2 -carbon-linked framework: metal-free approach and visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017 , 27 , 1703146..

Lyu, H.; Diercks, C. S.; Zhu, C. H.; Yaghi, O. M. Porous crystalline olefin-linked covalent organic frame works. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019 , 141 , 6848−6852..

Wei, S. C.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, W. B.; Qiang, P. R.; Yu, K. J.; Fu, X. B.; Wu, D. Q.; Bi, S.; Zhang, F. Semiconducting 2D triazine-cored covalent organic frameworks with unsubstituted olefin linkages. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019 , 141 , 14272−14279..

Acharjya, A.; Pachfule, P.; Roeser, J.; Schmitt, F. J.; Thomas, A. Vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks by base-catalyzed aldol condensation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019 , 58 , 14865−14870..

Jadhav, T.; Fang, Y.; Liu, C. H.; Dadvand, A.; Hamzehpoor, E.; Patterson, W.; Jonderian, A.; Stein, R. S.; Perepichka, D. F. Transformation between 2D and 3D covalent organic frameworks via reversible [2+2 ] cycloaddition. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020 , 142 , 8862−8870..

[Jadhav, T.; Fang, Y.; Patterson, W.; Liu, C. H.; Hamzehpoor, E.; Perepichka, D. F. 2D poly(arylene vinylene) covalent organic frameworks via aldol condensation of trimethyltriazine. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2019 , 58 , 13753–13757..

Zhang, F.; Wei, S. C.; Wei, W. W.; Zou, J.; Gu, G. Y.; Wu, D. Q.; Bi, S.; Zhang, F. Trimethyltriazine-derived olefin-linked covalent organic framework with ultralong nanofibers. Sci. Bull. 2020 , 65 , 1659−1666..

Guo, Q. Y.; Ji, H. Y.; Yang, L.; Ji, D. Z.; Ai, Z. L.; Luo, S.; Sun, J. T.; Liu, Y. Q.; Wei, D. C. Olefin-linked covalent organic frameworks with twisted tertiary amine knots for enhanced ultraviolet detection. Chinese Chem. Lett. 2022 , 33 , 2621−2624..

Cheng, Y. Z.; Ji, W. Y.; Wu, X. X.; Ding, X. S.; Liu, X. F.; Han, B. H. Persistent radical cation sp 2 carbon-covalent organic framework for photocatalytic oxidative organic transformations. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2022 , 306 , 121110..

Xie, Q. J.; Chen, A. Q.; Li, X. F.; Xu, C.; Bi, S.; Zhang, W. J.; Tang, J. T.; Pan, C. Y.; Zhang, F.; Yu, G. P. Tuning the interlayer stacking of a vinylene-linked covalent organic framework for enhancing sacrificial agent-free hydrogen peroxide photoproduction. Chem. Sci. 2025 , 16 , 2215−2221..

Wu, D. G.; Huang, C. H.; Gan, L. B.; Zhang, W.; Zheng, J.; Luo, H. X.; Li, N. Q. Light-induced electron transfer on a trichromo phore dye modified ITO electrode. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999 , 103 , 4377−4381..

Wu, D. G.; Huang, C. H.; Gan, L. B.; Zheng, J.; Huang, Y. Y.; Zhang, W. Photosensitized electron injection from an ITO electrode to trichromophore dyes deposited on Langmuir-Blodgett films. Langmuir 1999 , 15 , 7276−7281..

Xu, X. L.; Qiu, W. W.; Zhou, Q.; Tang, J.; Yang, F.; Sun, Z. R.; Audebert, P. Nonlinear optical absorption properties of two multisubstituted p -dimethylaminophenylethenyl pyridiniums. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008 , 112 , 4913−4917..

Meng, F. C.; Bi, S.; Sun, Z. B.; Jiang, B.; Wu, D. Q.; Chen, J. S.; Zhang, F. Synthesis of ionic vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks through quaternization-activated Knoevenagel condensation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021 , 60 , 13614−13620..

Bi, S.; Zhang, Z.; Meng, F.; Wu, D.; Chen, J. S.; Zhang, F. Heteroatom-embedded approach to vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks with isoelectronic structures for photoredox catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2022 , 61 , e202111627..

Zhang, Z.; Xu, Y. X. Hydrothermal synthesis of highly crystalline zwitterionic vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks with exceptional photocatalytic properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023 , 145 , 25222−25232..

Fersht, A. R.; Jencks, W. P. Acetylpyridinium ion intermediate in pyridine-catalyzed hydrolysis and acyl transfer reactions of acetic anhydride — observation, kinetics, structure-reactivity correlations, and effects of concentrated salt solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970 , 92 , 5432.

Wang, Z. F.; Yang, Y.; Zhao, Z. F.; Zhang, P. H.; Zhang, Y. S.; Liu, J. J.; Ma, S. Q.; Cheng, P.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, Z. J. Green synthesis of olefin-linked covalent organic frameworks for hydrogen fuel cell applications. Nat. Commun. 2021 , 12 , 1982..

[Bi, S.; Meng, F. C.; Wu, D. Q.; Zhang, F. Synthesis of vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks by monomer self-catalyzed activation of Knoevenagel condensation. J. Am. Chem. Soc . 2022 , 144 , 3653–3659..

Meng, F. C.; Bi, S.; Sun, Z. B.; Wu, D. Q.; Zhang, F. 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine-derived vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks for confined catalytic esterif ication. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2022 , 61 , e202210447..

Zhang, Z. X.; Bi, S.; Meng, F. C.; Li, X. M.; Li, M. Q.; Mou, K. W.; Wu, D. Q.; Zhang, F. Hexatopic vertex-directed approach to vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks with heteroporous topologies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023 , 145 , 16704−16710..

[Zhu, L.; Zhang, Q.; Meng, F. C.; Li, M. Q.; Liang, Q. F.; Zhang, F. Narrow-pore engineering of vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks with weak interaction-triggered multiple responses. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed . 2023 , 62 , e202309125..

[Zadehnazari, A.; Khosropour, A.; Altaf, A. A.; Rosen, A. S.; Abbaspourrad, A. Tetrazine-linked covalent organic frameworks with acid sensing and photocatalytic activity. Adv. Mater . 2024 , 36 , 2311042.

Mou, K. W.; Meng, F. C.; Zhang, Z. X.; Li, X. M.; Li, M. Q.; Jiao, Y.; Wang, Z. H.; Bai, X.; Zhang, F. Pyridazine-promoted construction of vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks with exceptional capability of stepwise water harvesting. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2024 , 63 , e202402446..

Ji, H. F.; Li, M. K.; Yan, G. J.; Qiao, D. Y.; Dong, B. B.; Feng, Y.; Qu, X. W.; Shi, J. J.; Zhang, X. J. Thiadiazole-derived covalent organic framework macroscopic ultralight aerogel. Acs. Appl. Mater. Inter. 2023 , 15 , 36738−36747..

Fu, G. E.; Yang, D. H.; Xu, S. Q.; Li, S. X.; Zhao, Y. X.; Yang, H. Y.; Wu, D. H.; Petkov, P. S.; Lan, Z. A.; Wang, X. C.; Wang, T. Construction of thiadiazole-bridged sp 2 -carbon-conjugated covalent organic frameworks with diminished excitation binding energy toward superior photocatalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024 , 146 , 1318−1325..

Yang, S.; Meng, F. C.; Li, X. M.; Fu, Y. B.; Xu, Q.; Zhang, F. Tuning the pyridine units in vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks boosting 2e − oxygen reduction reaction. Small 2024 , 20 , e2308801..

Zhang, J.; Zhou, W.; Zhao, J.; Xu, L.; Jiang, X.; Li, Z.; Peng, Y.; Li, G. Intrareticular exciton effects regulate photocatalytic activity in donor-acceptor olefin-linked covalent organic frameworks. Small 2025 , 21 , e2408324..

Xu, X. Y.; Zhang, S. Q.; Xu, K.; Chen, H. Z.; Fan, X. L.; Huang, N. Janus dione-based conjugated covalent organic frameworks with high conductivity as superior cathode materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023 , 145 , 1022−1030..

Zhang, Z.; Meng, F.; Chi, X.; Jiao, Y.; Xue, B.; Li, X.; Zhang, F. Diketopyrrolopyrrole-activated dynamic condensation approach to narrow-band gap vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202417805..

Cui, W. R.; Zhang, C. R.; Jiang, W.; Li, F. F.; Liang, R. P.; Liu, J. W.; Qiu, J. D. Regenerable and stable sp 2 carbon-conjugated covalent organic frameworks for selective detection and extraction of uranium. Nat. Commun. 2020 , 11 , 436..

Su, Y.; Wan, Y. J.; Xu, H.; Otake, K.; Tang, X. H.; Huang, L. B.; Kitagawa, S.; Gu, C. Crystalline and stable benzofuran-linked covalent organic frameworks from irreversible cascade reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020 , 142 , 13316−13321..

Jia, H. N.; Yao, N.; Jin, Y. M.; Wu, L. Q.; Zhu, J.; Luo, W. Stabilizing atomic Ru species in conjugated sp 2 carbon-linked covalent organic framework for acidic water oxidation. Nat. Commun. 2024 , 15 , 5419..

Zhou, Z. H.; Ma, T. Q.; Zhang, H. Y.; Chheda, S.; Li, H. Z.; Wang, K. Y.; Ehrling, S.; Giovine, R.; Li, C. S.; Alawadhi, A. H.; Abduljawad, M. M.; Alawad, M. O.; Gagliardi, L.; Sauer, J.; Yaghi, O. M. Carbon dioxide capture from open air using covalent organic frameworks. Nature 2024 , 635 , 96..

[Peng, S. Q.; Wang, R. J.; Yang, Y.; Wang, S. Y.; Liang, E.; Han, B.; Li, J. B.; Yu, X. L.; Zhang, Q. C. sp 2 carbon-conjugated covalent organic frameworks (sp 2 c-COFs): Synthesis and application in photocatalytic water splitting. Macromol. Rapid Comm . 2025 , 46 , e2400967..

Fu, Z. W.; Wang, X. Y.; Gardner, A.; Wang, X.; Chong, S. Y.; Neri, G.; Cowan, A. J.; Liu, L. J.; Li, X. B.; Vogel, A.; Clowes, R.; Bilton, M.; Chen, L. J.; Sprick, R. S.; Cooper, A. I. A Stable covalent organic framework for photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction. Chem. Sci. 2020 , 11 , 543−550..

Zhang, F. L.; Wang, Y. X.; Zhao, H. X.; Dong, X. Y.; Gu, X. K.; Lang, X. J. Expanding olefin-linked covalent organic frameworks toward selective photocatalytic oxidation of organic sulfides. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024 , 16 , 8772−8782..

Sun, H. A.; Ji, H. F.; Qiao, D. Y.; Xu, Y.; Qu, X. W.; Qi, Y.; Feng, Z. C.; Zhang, X. J.; Zhang, F. X.; Wang, R. H.; Dong, B. B. Vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks based on phenanthroline for visible-light-driven bifunctional photocatalytic water splitting. Chem. Eng. J. 2025 , 507 , 160448..

Li, S. Z.; Wei, W. X.; Chi, K.; Ferguson, C. T. J.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, K. A. I. Promoting photocatalytic direct C-H difluoromethylation of heterocycles using synergistic dual-active-centered covalent organic frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024 , 146 , 12386−12394..

Zhai, L. P.; Xie, Z. P.; Cui, C. X.; Yang, X. B.; Xu, Q.; Ke, X. T.; Liu, M. H.; Qu, L. B.; Chen, X.; Mi, L. W. Constructing synergistic triazine and acetylene cores in fully conjugated covalent organic frameworks for cascade photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production. Chem. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 5232−5240..

Cai, K. R.; Wang, W. J.; Zhang, J.; Chen, L.; Wang, L. K.; Zhu, X. J.; Yu, Z. P.; Wu, Z. C.; Zhou, H. P. Facile construction of olefin-linked covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photocatalytic organic transformation via wall surface engineering. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022 , 10 , 7165−7172..

Ma, S.; Deng, T. Q.; Li, Z. P.; Zhang, Z. W.; Jia, J.; Wu, G.; Xia, H.; Yang, S. W.; Liu, X. M. Photocatalytic hydrogen production on a sp 2 -carbon-linked covalent organic framework. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2022 , 61 , e202208919..

Li, Z. P.; Deng, T. Q.; Ma, S.; Zhang, Z. W.; Wu, G.; Wang, J. A.; Li, Q. Z.; Xia, H.; Yang, S. W.; Liu, X. M. Three-component donor-π-acceptor covalent-organicframeworks for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023 , 145 , 8364−8374..

Li, M. Q.; Chi, X.; Zhang, Z. X.; Bi, S.; Meng, F. C.; Jiao, Y.; Mou, K. W.; Wang, Z. H.; Xue, B.; Li, X. M.; Zhang, F. Mesoporous vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks with heteroatom-tuned crystallinity and photocatalytic behaviors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024 , 63 , e202411474..

Chi, X.; Zhang, Z.; Li, M.; Jiao, Y.; Li, X.; Meng, F.; Xue, B.; Wu, D.; Zhang, F. Vinylene-linking of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to π-extended two-dimensional covalent organic framework photocatalyst for H 2 O 2 synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025 , 64 , e202418895..

Zhou, E. B.; Wang, F. T.; Zhang, X.; Hui, Y. D.; Wang, Y. B. Cyanide-based covalent organic frameworks for enhanced overall photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024 , 63 , e202400999..

Zhang, J.; Xue, F.; Wang, Z. G. Terpyridine- and quarterpyridine-based cationic covalent organic frameworks for visible-light-catalytic H 2 O 2 synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2025 , 64 , e202425617..

Zhao, Y. X.; Liang, Y.; Wu, D. X.; Tian, H.; Xia, T.; Wang, W. X.; Xie, W. Y.; Hu, X. M.; Tian, X. L.; Chen, Q. Ruthenium complex of sp 2 carbon-conjugated covalent organic frameworks as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. Small 2022 , 18 , 2107750..

Li, X. W.; Yang, S.; Yang, X. B.; Zheng, S.; Xu, Q.; Zeng, G. F.; Jiang, Z. Construction of a pore-confined catalyst in a vinylene-linked covalent organic framework for the oxygen reduction reaction. Acs. Catal. 2024 , 14 , 17862−17870..

Yang, S. Z.; Streater, D.; Fiankor, C.; Zhang, J.; Huang, J. E. Conjugation- and aggregation-directed design of covalent organic frameworks as white-light-emitting diodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021 , 143 , 1061−1068..

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Managing Interpenetration in 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks with Spatial-aromatic Building Blocks

A Pyrazine-based Covalent Organic Framework as a Cathode Material for Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc-ion Batteries

Covalent Organic Framework/Carbon Nanotube Composites for Enhanced Lithium-ion Battery Performance

Covalent Organic Frameworks Modified Composite Proton Exchange Membranes towards Advanced Fuel Cells

Molecularly Engineered Polyimide Films with Switchable Cavitation for Bidirectional Passive Thermal Regulation

Related Author

Ning Huang

Zhen-Yang Hu

Xiao-Yi Xu

Fu-Xiang Wen

Ying-Jian Yu

Ke-Jun Jin

Hui Liu

Yu Wu

Related Institution

State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University

College of Physics Science and Technology, Kunming University

Engineering Research Center of High Performance Polymer and Molding Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology

Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University

The Northwest Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

⁰

Toward High-crystalline Covalent Organic Framework via Dynamic Condensation of Carbon-Carbon Double Bond

DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3617-6

摘要

Abstract

关键词

Keywords

references