Hysteresis-free and Fatigue-resistant Conductive Hydrogel Electronics towards Intelligent Human-machine Interaction

Liu-Yu Zhang; Gen Li; Gui-Neng Li; Yu-Zhu Hou; Hua Li; Yu Xue; Wei-Jing Zhao; Bao-Yang Lu

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3616-7

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Hysteresis-free and Fatigue-resistant Conductive Hydrogel Electronics towards Intelligent Human-machine Interaction

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2026-05-30

- Hysteresis-free and Fatigue-resistant Conductive Hydrogel Electronics towards Intelligent Human-machine Interaction
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 44, Issue 6, Pages: 1830-1842(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  a.Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Health Management Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
  b.Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
  c.College of Information Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China
  d.Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
  e.Institute of Energy Materials and Nanotechnology, Nanchang Jiaotong Institute, Nanchang 330100, China
- Author bio：
  
  ndefy00059@ncu.edu.cn (H.L.)
  xueyu8@jxstnu.edu.cn (Y.X.)
  z811wj@163.com (W.J.Z.)
  luby@jxstnu.edu.cn (B.Y.L.)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3616-7
  CLC：
- Received：03 December 2025，
  
  Revised：2026-01-20，
  
  Accepted：05 February 2026，
  
  Online First：09 May 2026，
  
  Published：05 June 2026
- Accepted：
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Zhang, L. Y.; Li, G.; Li, G. N.; Hou, Y. Z.; Li, H.; Xue, Y.; Zhao, W. J.; Lu, B. Y. Hysteresis-free and fatigue-resistant conductive hydrogel electronics towards intelligent human-machine interaction. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1830–1842

Liu-Yu Zhang, Gen Li, Gui-Neng Li, et al. Hysteresis-free and Fatigue-resistant Conductive Hydrogel Electronics towards Intelligent Human-machine Interaction[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(6): 1830-1842.
Zhang, L. Y.; Li, G.; Li, G. N.; Hou, Y. Z.; Li, H.; Xue, Y.; Zhao, W. J.; Lu, B. Y. Hysteresis-free and fatigue-resistant conductive hydrogel electronics towards intelligent human-machine interaction. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1830–1842 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3616-7.

Liu-Yu Zhang, Gen Li, Gui-Neng Li, et al. Hysteresis-free and Fatigue-resistant Conductive Hydrogel Electronics towards Intelligent Human-machine Interaction[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(6): 1830-1842. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-026-3616-7.

摘要

The microphase-separated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/conductive carbon black (CCB) interlocking hydrogel enables low-hysteresis

high-stability strain sensing for precise motion and gesture monitoring

and

through machine-learning analysis of continuous signals

supports intelligent human-machine interaction.

Abstract

Conductive

hydrogel-based strain sensors

as key components of electronic skins

have garnered significant attention for the development of advanced human-machine interfaces and flexible electronics. However

their intrinsic limitations of large hysteresis and poor mechanical robustness pose significant challenges for achieving the high accuracy and long-term stability required for advanced sensing systems. Here

we achieve hysteresis suppression and structural stability by constructing a microphase-separated interlocking network within a 3D-printable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/conductive carbon black (CCB) hydrogel. The resulting conductive hydrogel strain sensor possesses low electrical hysteresis (0.82%) and high cycle stability (

1×10

cycles)

enabling real-time and precise monitoring of joint bending and muscle contraction. By converting finger motion into machine-learnable signal patterns

the sensor enables an identification system that decodes continuous strain signals into alphabetical information

offering a novel human-machine interaction modality. This work provides a promising conductive hydrogel platform with enhanced sensing fidelity and interaction capability towards intelligent human-machine interactions.

关键词

Keywords

references

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