Hetero-structured Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/CsCuCl<sub>3</sub> Nanofiber Composite Film <italic style="font-style: italic">via</italic> Coaxial Electrospinning for Human-Machine Interaction

Yi-Kai Zhao; Yi Zou; Jie-Chun Zhou; Jin-Rong Huang; Jian-Wen Chen; Jin-Rui Huang; Yu-Tian Zhu

doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3587-8

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Hetero-structured Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/CsCuCl₃ Nanofiber Composite Film via Coaxial Electrospinning for Human-Machine Interaction

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2026-04-30

- Hetero-structured Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/CsCuCl₃ Nanofiber Composite Film via Coaxial Electrospinning for Human-Machine Interaction
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 44, Issue 5, Pages: 1528-1539(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  a.Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
  b.Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
- Author bio：
  
  jinronghuang@hznu.edu.cn (J.R.H.)
  jwchen@hznu.edu.cn (J.W.C.)
  ytzhu@hznu.edu.cn (Y.T.Z.)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3587-8
  CLC：
- Received：29 December 2025，
  
  Accepted：23 January 2026，
  
  Online First：16 April 2026，
  
  Published：05 May 2026
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Zhao, Y. K.; Zou, Y.; Zhou, J. C.; Huang, J. R.; Chen, J. W.; Huang, J. R.; Zhu, Y. T. Hetero-structured poly(vinylidene fluoride)/CsCuCl₃ nanofiber composite film via coaxial electrospinning for human-machine interaction. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1528–1539 DOI: 10.1007/s10118-026-3587-8.

Yi-Kai Zhao, Yi Zou, Jie-Chun Zhou, et al. Hetero-structured Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/CsCuCl₃ Nanofiber Composite Film via Coaxial Electrospinning for Human-Machine Interaction[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(5): 1528-1539. DOI: 10.1007/s10118-026-3587-8.
Zhao, Y. K.; Zou, Y.; Zhou, J. C.; Huang, J. R.; Chen, J. W.; Huang, J. R.; Zhu, Y. T. Hetero-structured poly(vinylidene fluoride)/CsCuCl₃ nanofiber composite film via coaxial electrospinning for human-machine interaction. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 1528–1539 DOI: 10.1007/s10118-026-3587-8. DOI：

Yi-Kai Zhao, Yi Zou, Jie-Chun Zhou, et al. Hetero-structured Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/CsCuCl₃ Nanofiber Composite Film via Coaxial Electrospinning for Human-Machine Interaction[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(5): 1528-1539. DOI: 10.1007/s10118-026-3587-8. DOI：

摘要

Driven by impro

ved polymer alignment and

-phase content

core-shell nanofibers produced

via

coaxial electrospinning exhibit substantially enhanced piezoelectric output

thereby offering a promising pathway to high-performance nanogenerators for human-machine interaction.

Abstract

Polymer-based piezoelectric films can be assembled into piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs)

which can simultaneously serve as flexible pressure sensors and energy harvesting devices. However

the low piezoelectric output of PENGs is a major limitation for their practical applications. Herein

we propose a coaxial electrospinning strategy to generate a core-shell structured nanofiber film

which could significantly enhance the piezoelectric output compared to the traditional nanofiber film

via

conventional single-axial electrospinning. Notably

the as-prepared PENGs based on the core-shell structured CsCuCl

/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofiber composite film (2 wt%) produced

via

coaxial spinneret exhibit a 60% increase in output voltage (increase from 48 V to 75 V) and a 50% increase in short-circuit current (increase from 0.2 μA to 0.3 μA) compared to those prepared using a single-needle spinneret. More interestingly

this enhancement in piezoelectric performance is a universal phenomenon because the coaxial electrospinning process can induce greater polymer chain alignment in the shell layer and lead to increased crystallinity and a higher proportion of the piezoelectric-active

-phase. Owing to their enhanced piezoelectric output and high sensitivity to subtle pressure variations

the resulting PENGs demonstrate promising potential for human-machine interaction applications. This study offers a novel and broadly applicable approach to boost the piezoelectric performance of polymer-based PENGs.

关键词

Keywords

references

Abdolmaleki, H.; Haugen, A. B.; Buhl, K. B.; Daasbjerg, K.; Agarwala, S. Interfacial engineering of pvdf-trfe toward higher piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and dielectric performance for sensing and energy harvesting applications. Adv. Sci. 2023 , 10 , 2205942..

Han, Y. Q.; Lei, Z. Y.; Wu, P. Y. Mxene nanosheet-enhanced ionotronic hydrogels for wireless powering and noncontact sensing. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025 , 43 , 572−580..

Yi, Z.; Liu, Z.; Li, W.; Ruan, T.; Chen, X.; Liu, J.; Yang, B.; Zhang, W. Piezoelectric dynamics of arterial pulse for wearable continuous blood pressure monitoring. Adv. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 2110291..

Zhao, C. X.; Guo, M.; Mao, J.; Li, Y. T.; Wu, Y. P.; Guo, H.; Xiang, D.; Li, H. Self-healing, stretchable, temperature-sensitive and strain-sensitive hydrogel-based flexible sensors. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2022 , 41 , 334−344..

Song, X.; Yi, B.; Chen, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Cho, H.; Hong, Y.; Chung, S.; You, L.; Li, S.; Hong, J. Machine learning-powered ultrahigh controllable and wearable magnetoelectric piezotronic touching device. ACS Nano 2024 , 18 , 16648−16657..

Hu, C. N.; He, J.; He, Y. T.; Peng, Y. J. Anti-freezing conductive gelatin hydrogel reinforced with polypyrrole-decorated cellulose nanofibers for strain sensors and triboelectric nanogenerators. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025 , 43 , 2083−2093..

Zarzoso, M.; Mikhalchan, A.; Mocerino, D.; Romero-Rodriguez, P.; Losada, R.; Vilatela, J. J.; González, C. Strain sensing of structural composites by integrated piezoresistive cnt yarn sensors. Compos. Part B 2024 , 286 , 111752..

Xiong, Z.; Huang, J.; Chen, J.; Liu, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Sui, G.; Liu, Z. Synergy of hierarchical structures and multiple conduction mechanisms for designing ultra-wide linear range pressure sensors. Chem. Eng. J. 2025 , 503 , 158359..

Tu, S.; Xi, Y.; Cui, X.; Xu, Z.; L iu, Z.; Zhu, Y. Skin-inspired interlocked microstructures with soft-hard synergistic effect for high-sensitivity and wide-linear-range pressure sensing. Chem. Eng. J. 2024 , 496 , 154083..

Wang, X. Y.; Bai, J. J.; Yang, T. J.; Yu, X. D. Organic-inorganic hydrogel strain sensors based on methacryloyl ethoxy trimethyl ammonium chloride and bentonite. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025 , 43 , 1904−1916..

Wang, J.; Chen, Y.; Tu, S.; Cui, X.; Chen, J.; Zhu, Y. Recent advances in flexible iontronic pressure sensors: materials, microstructure designs, applications, and opportunities. J. Mater. Chem. 2024 , 12 , 14202−14221..

Li, J.; Guo, K.; Li, P.; Liu, Z.; Lin, H.; Feng, Z.; Wang, X.; Ran, F.; Xue, K.; Wu, Y.; Wei, K.; Yang, J. High-sensitivity capacitive pressure sensor based on novel and bio-inspired hybrid dielectric layer for medical exercise rehabilitation. Compos. Part B. 2025 , 303 , 112565..

Wang, Y.; Hou, S.; Li, T.; Jin, S.; Shao, Y.; Yang, H.; Wu, D.; Dai, S.; Lu, Y.; Chen, S.; Huang, J. Flexible capacitive humidity sensors based on ionic conductive wood-derived cellulose nanopapers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020 , 12 , 41896−41904..

He, P.; Zhong, Y.; Zhang, B.; Ma, L.; Fang, J.; Li, J. Composite porous polyimide film-based piezoelectric sensors for harsh environments. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2025 , 7 , 10541−10551..

Wu, Z.; Huang, J.; Zhao, Y.; Ding, X.; Chen, J.; Liu, Z.; Liu, Z.; Zhu, Y. Lotus leaf-inspired superhydrophobic piezoelectric nanofiber films for moisture-proof pressure sensing and energy harvesting. Chem. Eng. J. 2025 , 504 , 158874..

Ham, S. S.; Lee, G. J.; Hyeon, D. Y.; Kim, Y. G.; Lim, Y. W.; Lee, M. K.; Park, J. J.; Hwang, G. T.; Yi, S.; Jeong, C. K.; Park, K. I. Kinetic motion sensors based on flexible and lead-free hybrid piezoelectric composite energy harvesters with nanowires-embedded electrodes for detecting articular movements. Compos. Part B. 2021 , 212 , 108705..

Li, H. P.; Liang, J. M.; Song, H. Y.; Zhu, H. Q.; Zhao, W. P.; Wang, S. J.; Zhang, H.; Yan, S. K. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) of different β -phase/γ-phase ratio prepared by heat controlled spin coating and potassium bromide as nucleating agent. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025 , 43 , 769−777..

Huang, Y. Z.; Liu, Z.; Li, L. W.; He, H. Z.; Wang, Z. L.; Qu, J. P.; Chen, X.; Huang, Z. X. Giant piezoelectric coefficient of polyvinylidene fluoride with rationally engineered ultrafine domains achieved by rapid freezing processing. Adv. Mater. 2024 , 37 , 2412344..

Wu, L.; Huang, J.; Chen, Y.; Wang, T.; Chen, J.; Chang, X.; Liu, Z.; Liu, Z.; Zhu, Y. Breathable and highly sensitive self-powered pressure sensors for wearable electronics and human-machine interaction. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2025 , 262 , 111078..

Lee, J. E.; Shin, Y. E.; Lee, G. H.; Kim, J.; Ko, H.; Chae, H. G. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) nanocomposite fiber and triboelectric textile sensors. Compos. Part B. 2021 , 223 , 109098..

Shaukat, R. A.; Cha, A.; Tamim, A. M.; Kim, H.; Hwang, G. T.; Lee, H. E.; Lin, Z. H.; Kim, K.; Jeong, C. K. Zeolite-decorated triboelectric sensors for heavy metal contaminant detection. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2025 , 7 , 3439−3447..

Yang, P.; Shi, Y.; Tao, X.; Liu, Z.; Dong, X.; Wang, Z. L.; Chen, X. Radical anion transfer during contact electrification and its compensation for charge loss in triboelectric nanogenerator . Matter 2023 , 6 , 1295−1311..

Maity, K.; Garain, S.; Henkel, K.; Schmeißer, D.; Mandal, D. Self-powered human-health monitoring through aligned PVDF nanofibers interfaced skin-interactive piezoelectric sensor. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2020 , 2 , 862−878..

Du, B.; An, Y.; Huan, X.; Yang, L.; Zhao, Y. MWCNTs/C60 “Grape-like” nanostructures for enhancing piezoelectric performance in PVDF nanofibers through constructing localized conductive domains. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2024 , 7 , 104−114..

Divya, S.; Ramasundaram, S.; Aruchamy, K.; Oh, T. H.; Levingstone, T.; Dunne, N. Piezoelectric nanogenerators from sustainable biowaste source: power harvesting and respiratory monitoring with electrospun crab shell powder-poly(vinylidene fluoride) composite nanofibers. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025 , 679 , 324−334..

Lei, C.; Hu, B.; Xu, R.; Cai, Q.; Shi, W. Influence of room-temperature-stretching technology on the crystalline morphology and microstructure of PVDF hard elastic film. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013 , 131 , 40077..

Wolfe, R. M. W.;Menon, A. K.; Fletcher, T. R.; Marder, S. R.; Reynolds, J. R.; Yee, S. K. Simultaneous enhancement in electrical conductivity and thermopower of n-Type NiETT/PVDF composite films by annealing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018 , 28 , 1803275..

Song, S.; Zheng, Z.; Bi, Y.; Lv, X.; Sun, S. Improving the electroactive phase, thermal and dielectric properties of PVDF/graphene oxide composites by using methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate copolymers as compatibilizer. J. Mater. Sci. 2018 , 54 , 3832−3846..

Chang, C.; Tran, V. H.; Wang, J.; Fuh, Y. K.; Lin, L. Direct-write piezoelectric polymeric nanogenerator with high energy conversion efficiency. Nano Lett. 2010 , 10 , 726−31..

[Yun, J. M.; Kwon, G.; Choi, J. H.; Kim, K. H. Advancing high-performance piezoelectric nanogenerators: simple electric field switching for orientated and aligned BaTiO 3 /PDMS composite. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024 , 16 , 14452..

Li, G. Y.; Li, J.; Li, Z. J.; Zhang, Y. P.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Z. J.; Han, W. P.; Sun, B.; Long, Y. Z.; Zhang, H. D. Hierarchical PVDF-HFP/ZnO composite nanofiber–based highl y sensitive piezoelectric sensor for wireless workout monitoring. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 2021 , 5 , 766−775..

Cai, J.; Yan, L.; Seyedkanani, A.; Orsat, V.; Akbarzadeh, A. Nano-architected GaN metamaterials with notable topology-dependent enhancement of piezoelectric energy harvesting. Nano Energy 2024 , 129 , 109990..

Wu, J.; Qin, N.; Bao, D. Effective enhancement of piezocatalytic activity of BaTiO 3 nanowires under ultrasonic vibration. Nano Energy 2018 , 45 , 44−51..

Han, M.; Shen, W.; Corriou, J. P. Polydopamine-modified Mxene/cellulose nanofibers composite film for self-powered humidity sensing and humidity actuating. Nano Energy 2024 , 123 , 109445..

Fuh, Y. K.; Kuo, C. C.; Huang, Z. M.; Li, S. C.; Liu, E. R. A transparent and flexible graphene-piezoelectric fiber generator. Small 2016 , 12 , 1875−81..

Lan, B.; Zhong, C.; Wang, S.; Ao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Sun, Y.; Yang, T.; Tian, G.; Huang, L.; Zhang, J.; Deng, W.; Yang, W. A highly sensitive coaxial nanofiber mask f or respiratory monitoring assisted with machine learning. Adv. Fiber Mater. 2024 , 6 , 1402−1412..

Zhi, C.; Zhang, S.; Wu, H.; Ming, Y.; Shi, S.; Io, W. F.; Meng, S.; Si, Y.; Fei, B.; Hao, J.; Hu, J. Perovskite nanocrystals induced core-shell inorganic-organic nanofibers for efficient energy harvesting and self-powered monitoring. ACS Nano 2024 , 18 , 9365−9377..

Mondal, S.; Poddar, S.; Bhattacharjee, S.; Maiti, S.; Banerjee, A.; Chattopadhyay, K. K. Lead free halide perovskite embedded PVDF based efficient mechanical energy harvester: self-driven respiratory sensor. Nano Energy 2023 , 115 , 108689..

Ponnamma, D.; Chamakh, M. M.; Alahzm, A. M.; Salim, N.; Hameed, N.; AlMaadeed, M. A. A. Core-shell nanofibers of polyvinylidene fluoride-based nanocomposites as piezoelectric nanogenerators. Polymer 2020 , 12 , 2344..

Mohana Rani, G.; Ranjith, K. S.; Ghoreishian, S. M.; Vilian, A. T. E.; Roh, C.; Umapathi, R.; Han, Y. K.; Huh, Y. S. Fabrication of MoS 2 petals-decorated PAN fibers-based triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting and smart study room touch sensor applications. Adv. Fiber Mater. 2024 , 6 , 1825−1838..

Jiang, F.; Zhou, X.; Lv, J.; Chen, J.; Chen, J.; Kongcharoen, H.; Zhang, Y.; Lee, P. S. Stretchable, breathable, and stable lead-free perovskite/polymer nanofiber composite for hybrid triboelectric and piezoelectric energy harvesting. Adv. Mater. 2022 , 34 , 2200042..

Mondal, B.; Sarkar, R.; Saini, D.; Gupta, V.; Kundu, T. K.; Mandal, D. All-electrospun, water-resistant, breathable, wearable, and stable metal halide perovskite engineered electroactive polymer textiles for flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2023 , 8 , 2300614..

Chen, H.; Zhou, L.; Fang, Z.; Wang, S.; Yang, T.; Zhu, L.; Hou, X.; Wang, H.; Wang, Z. L. Piezoelectric nanogenerator based on in situ growth all-inorganic CsPbBr 3 perovskite nanocrystals in PVDF fibers with long-term stability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021 , 31 , 2011073..

Jiao, H.; Lin, X.; Xiong, Y.; Han, J.; Liu, Y.; Yang, J.; Wu, S.; Jiang, T.; Wang, Z. L.; Sun, Q. Thermal insulating textile based triboelectric nanogenerator for outdoor wearable sensing and interaction. Nano Energy 2024 , 120 , 109134..

Pi, M.; Wu, D.; Wang, J.; Chen, K.; He, J.; Yang, J.; Zhang, D.; Chen, S.; Tang, X. Real-time and ultrasensitive humidity sensor based on lead-free Cs 2 SnCl 6 perovskites. Sens. Actuators B 2022 , 354 , 131084..

Views

217

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Multistimuli Responsive and Thermoregulated Capability of Coaxial Electrospun Membranes with Core-sheath Structure and Functional Polypyrrole Layer

Interface Hydrogen-bonded Core-Shell Nanofibers by Coaxial Electrospinning

Topology-regulated Co-assembly of Single Chain Polymer Nanoparticles and Block Copolymers into Hierarchical Micelle@Vesicle Composite Structures

Enhanced Segment Mobility Promotes Stereocomplex Crystallization in Polymer Blends via Elevated Segmental Miscibility

Durable Anti-fogging and Abrasion-resistant Coatings Based on Polyoxometalates-Hydrophilic Resin Composites with Enhanced Cohesion and Adhesion

Related Author

Meng-Hang Gao

Wen Feng

Xiao-Dong Qi

Yong Wang

Zhi-liang Wang

Shu-guang Yang

Jia-xing Sun

Ying Gong

Related Institution

Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University

State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University

⁰

Hetero-structured Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/CsCuCl3 Nanofiber Composite Film via Coaxial Electrospinning for Human-Machine Interaction

DOI：10.1007/s10118-026-3587-8

摘要

Abstract

关键词

Keywords

references

Hetero-structured Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/CsCuCl₃ Nanofiber Composite Film via Coaxial Electrospinning for Human-Machine Interaction