Synthesis of a Biomass Tyramine-derived Hydroxyl-amide Nucleating Agent and Its Effect on Crystallization and Properties of Polyamide 6

Jia-Le Wu; Wen-Hao Xiao; Jing-Bo Wu; Jiang-Hua Lin; Rui-Jie Xu; Cai-Hong Lei

doi:10.1007/s10118-025-3497-1

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Synthesis of a Biomass Tyramine-derived Hydroxyl-amide Nucleating Agent and Its Effect on Crystallization and Properties of Polyamide 6

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2026-01-30

- Synthesis of a Biomass Tyramine-derived Hydroxyl-amide Nucleating Agent and Its Effect on Crystallization and Properties of Polyamide 6
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 44, Issue 2, Pages: 576-589(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Author bio：
  
  xu565786@163.com (R.J.X.)
  lch528@gdut.edu.cn (C.H.L.)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-025-3497-1
  CLC：
- Received：19 September 2025，
  
  Accepted：08 November 2025，
  
  Published Online：15 January 2026，
  
  Published：05 February 2026
- Accepted：
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Wu, J. L.; Xiao, W. H.; Wu, J. B.; Lin, J. H.; Xu, R. J.; Lei, C. H. Synthesis of a biomass tyramine-derived hydroxyl-amide nucleating agent and its effect on crystallization and properties of polyamide 6. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 576–589

Jia-Le Wu, Wen-Hao Xiao, Jing-Bo Wu, et al. Synthesis of a Biomass Tyramine-derived Hydroxyl-amide Nucleating Agent and Its Effect on Crystallization and Properties of Polyamide 6[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(2): 576-589.
Wu, J. L.; Xiao, W. H.; Wu, J. B.; Lin, J. H.; Xu, R. J.; Lei, C. H. Synthesis of a biomass tyramine-derived hydroxyl-amide nucleating agent and its effect on crystallization and properties of polyamide 6. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2026, 44, 576–589 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-025-3497-1.

Jia-Le Wu, Wen-Hao Xiao, Jing-Bo Wu, et al. Synthesis of a Biomass Tyramine-derived Hydroxyl-amide Nucleating Agent and Its Effect on Crystallization and Properties of Polyamide 6[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2026, 44(2): 576-589. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-025-3497-1.

摘要

A hydroxyl-containing amide nucleating agent BHT

synthesized from tyramine-based biomass

blends with polyamide 6 (PA6). BHT enhances hydrogen bonding to drive PA6 segment adjustment

strengthening its crystallization and synergistically optimizing thermal

mechanical and optical properties for high-performance PA6 modification.

Abstract

The chemical structure of polyamide 6 (PA6) dictates that only 50% of hydrogen bonds participate in crystallization during the crystallization process

resulting in the properties of its products being significantly dependent on the molding process. Therefore

the design and development of nucleating agents suitable for PA6 holds great practical significance for high-performance PA6 materials. Amide-based nucleating agents can effectively improve the crystallization rate by increasing intermolecular hydrogen bond density. Further introduction of hydroxyl groups can enhance the hydrogen bonding interactions between the nucleating agent and PA6. In this study

a hydroxyl-containing

amide-based nucleating agent

BHT

was designed and synthesized using a tyramine-based biomass as the raw material. These results demonstrated that BHT exhibited good structural compatibility with PA6. After adding 1 wt% BHT

the crystallization temperature of PA6 increased from 170.9 °C to 193.3 °C

the crystallinity increased 16.6%

the heat distortion temperature and Vicat softening temperature rose to 89.5 and 187.8 °C

respectively

the haze decreased to 46%

achieving the synergistic optimization of mechanical

thermal

and optical properties. The

in situ

time-resolved FTIR results indicated that the addition of BHT increased the enthalpy of hydrogen bond formation during the nucleation stage

facilitated the segmental conformation adjustment of PA6

and enhanced the molar concentration of trans-conformations

ultimately leading to an improvement in the crystallization rate.

关键词

Keywords

references

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