Synergistic Intramolecular Doping Engineering and Presodiation towards Ultra-stable Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-ion Batteries

Jian-Cong Xu; Shang-Ming Xiao; Hui-Cui Li; Zeng-Qi Huang; Long-Bin Li; Yi-Wang Chen

doi:10.1007/s10118-025-3461-0

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Synergistic Intramolecular Doping Engineering and Presodiation towards Ultra-stable Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-ion Batteries

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2025-12-03

- Synergistic Intramolecular Doping Engineering and Presodiation towards Ultra-stable Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-ion Batteries
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 43, Issue 12, Pages: 2231-2240(2025)
- Affiliations：
  
  a.Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
  b.College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Author bio：
  
  longbin-li@gnnu.edu.cn (L.B.L.)
  ywchen@ncu.edu.cn (Y.W.C.)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-025-3461-0
  CLC：
- Received：06 August 2025，
  
  Accepted：18 September 2025，
  
  Published Online：19 November 2025，
  
  Published：15 December 2025
- Accepted：
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Xu, J. C.; Xiao, S. M.; Li, H. C.; Huang, Z. Q.; Li, L. B.; Chen, Y. W. Synergistic intramolecular doping engineering and presodiation towards ultra-stable hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025, 43, 2231–2240

Jian-Cong Xu, Shang-Ming Xiao, Hui-Cui Li, et al. Synergistic Intramolecular Doping Engineering and Presodiation towards Ultra-stable Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-ion Batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2025, 43(12): 2231-2240.
Xu, J. C.; Xiao, S. M.; Li, H. C.; Huang, Z. Q.; Li, L. B.; Chen, Y. W. Synergistic intramolecular doping engineering and presodiation towards ultra-stable hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025, 43, 2231–2240 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-025-3461-0.

Jian-Cong Xu, Shang-Ming Xiao, Hui-Cui Li, et al. Synergistic Intramolecular Doping Engineering and Presodiation towards Ultra-stable Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-ion Batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2025, 43(12): 2231-2240. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-025-3461-0.

摘要

An ultra-stable polymer-derived hard carbon anodes have been synergistically prepared via the intramolecular doping engineering and chemical presodiation. The presodiated hard carbons demonstrate the 93.6% capacity retention over 3000 cycles at 1.0 C owing to the thin

smooth and dense SEI film with rich NaF.

Abstract

The low-voltage plateau capacity

which is highly related to the internal closed pores in hard carbon (HC)

is the main contributor to the total capacity in sodi

um-ion batteries. However

the formation mechanism of closed pores and modification strategies at the molecular level in HC polymer precursors remain poorly understood. Furthermore

the practical applications of HCs are significantly impeded by their low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE). In this study

the intramolecular heteroatom doping (IHP) effect was proposed to facilitate the formation of closed pores in polymer-derived HC for the first time by grafting sulfonyl

ether

and carbonyl groups between benzene rings. As a result

the optimized HC sample showed an increased closed pore volume and low Na

adsorption energy

which delivered a reversible capacity of 307.9 mAh·g

−1

and superior rate capability. Through further optimized presodiation

the formed presodiated HC featuring a thin

smooth

and dense solid electrolyte interface film exhibited a remarkably enhanced ICE of 94.4% and enhanced cycling stability (93.6% over 3000 cycles). This study provides an in-depth understanding of the formation mechanisms of closed pores

via

IHP engineering and develops a new synergistic strategy involving presodiation to prepare highly stable HC anodes.

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Keywords

references

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