Anti-freezing Conductive Gelatin Hydrogel Reinforced with Polypyrrole-decorated Cellulose Nanofibers for Strain Sensors and Triboelectric Nanogenerators

Chang-Ning Hu; Jie He; Yu-Ting He; Yin-Jie Peng

doi:10.1007/s10118-025-3419-2

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Anti-freezing Conductive Gelatin Hydrogel Reinforced with Polypyrrole-decorated Cellulose Nanofibers for Strain Sensors and Triboelectric Nanogenerators

RESEARCH ARTICLE | Updated：2025-10-30

- Anti-freezing Conductive Gelatin Hydrogel Reinforced with Polypyrrole-decorated Cellulose Nanofibers for Strain Sensors and Triboelectric Nanogenerators
- Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Vol. 43, Issue 11, Pages: 2083-2093(2025)
- Affiliations：
  
  School of Physics and Astronomy, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
- Author bio：
  
  pyj1992263@hotmail.com
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1007/s10118-025-3419-2
  CLC：
- Received：06 July 2025，
  
  Accepted：02 August 2025，
  
  Online First：11 October 2025，
  
  Published：05 November 2025
- Accepted：
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Hu, C. N.; He, J.; He, Y. T.; Peng, Y. J. Anti-freezing conductive gelatin hydrogel reinforced with polypyrrole-decorated cellulose nanofibers for strain sensors and triboelectric nanogenerators. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025, 43, 2083–2093

Chang-Ning Hu, Jie He, Yu-Ting He, et al. Anti-freezing Conductive Gelatin Hydrogel Reinforced with Polypyrrole-decorated Cellulose Nanofibers for Strain Sensors and Triboelectric Nanogenerators[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2025, 43(11): 2083-2093.
Hu, C. N.; He, J.; He, Y. T.; Peng, Y. J. Anti-freezing conductive gelatin hydrogel reinforced with polypyrrole-decorated cellulose nanofibers for strain sensors and triboelectric nanogenerators. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2025, 43, 2083–2093 DOI： 10.1007/s10118-025-3419-2.

Chang-Ning Hu, Jie He, Yu-Ting He, et al. Anti-freezing Conductive Gelatin Hydrogel Reinforced with Polypyrrole-decorated Cellulose Nanofibers for Strain Sensors and Triboelectric Nanogenerators[J]. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 2025, 43(11): 2083-2093. DOI： 10.1007/s10118-025-3419-2.

摘要

A multifunctional gelatin hydrogel reinforced with PPy@CNF shows high strength

conductivity

and anti-freezing properties for wearable strain sensors and triboelectric nanogenerators.

Abstract

Conductive hydrogels derived from natural polymers have attracted increasing attention in wearable electronics due to their inherent biocompatibility and sustainability. However

their poor mechanical strength

limited conductivity and unsatisfactory environmental adaptability remain significant challenges for practical applications. In this study

we report a high-performance gelatin-based conductive hydrogel (GPC) reinforced with polypyrrole-decorated cellulose nanofibers (PPy@CNF) and enhanced by a zwitterionic betaine/(NH

)

solution. The PPy@CNF hybrid nanofillers were synthesized

via in situ

oxidative polymerization

enabling homogeneous dispersion of PPy along the CNF surface. The incorporation of PPy@CNF significantly improved both mechanical strength and conductivity of the gelatin hydrogel. Meanwhile

the Hofmeister effect induced by (NH

)

strengthened the hydrogel network

and the introduction of betaine further enhanced its anti-freezing and moisture-retention properties. The optimized GPC hydrogel exhibited a high tensile strength of 1.02 MPa

conductivity of 1.5 S·m

–1

and stable performance at temperatures down to –50 °C. Furthermore

it was successfully assembled into a wearable strain sensor for real-time human motion monitoring

and as an electrode layer in a flexible triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)

enabling biomechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. This work provides a promisi

ng strategy for developing sustainable

multifunctional hydrogels for next-generation wearable electronics.

关键词

Keywords

references

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